4 Memory (Encoding, Storage, Retrieval) Flashcards
holding information briefly while working with it
working memory
remembering episodes of one’s life
episodic memory
general knowledge of facts of the world
semantic memory
remembering episodes involves three processes:
1 Encoding, 2 Storing, 3 Retrieving
learning it, by perceiving it and relating it to past knowledge
encoding
maintaining it over time
storing
accessing the information when needed
retrieving
refers to the kind of memory that people in a group share (whether family, community, schoolmates, or citizens of a state or a country).
collective memory
Good encoding techniques:
relating new information to what one already knows, forming mental images, and creating associations among information that needs to be remembered.
The key to good retrieval…
developing effective cues that will lead the rememberer back to the encoded information.
Memory for the events of one’s life.
Autobiographical memory
The process occurring after encoding that is believed to stabilize memory traces.
Consolidation
The principle stating that the more memories that are associated to a particular retrieval cue, the less effective the cue will be in prompting retrieval of any one memory.
Cue overload principle
The principle that unusual events (in a context of similar events) will be recalled and recognized better than uniform (nondistinctive) events.
Distinctiveness
The hypothesis that a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram or memory trace.
Encoding specificity principle
A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event; also, memory trace.
Engrams
Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of some momentous (and usually emotional) event.
Flashbulb memory
A term indicating the change in the nervous system representing an event.
Memory traces
When erroneous information occurring after an event is remembered as having been part of the original event.
Misinformation effect
A strategy for remembering large amounts of information, usually involving imaging events occurring on a journey or with some other set of memorized cues.
Mnemonic devices
The ubiquitous process during learning of taking information in one form and converting it to another form, usually one more easily remembered.
Recoding
The phenomenon whereby events that occur after some particular event of interest will usually cause forgetting of the original event.
Retroactive interference
