2Cognitive Development in Childhood

Question 1

_____ refers to the development of thinking across the lifespan.

Answer 1

Cognitive development

Question 2

What study did DeVries’s do?

Answer 2

(diff. between appearance and reality)
Maynard the cat allowed 3-6 year olds to pet and play with it. DeVries’ then put a firce dog mask on Maynard’s (cat) head. 3 year olds were fooled that it was a dog. While the 6 year olds weren’t fooled.

Question 3

_____ the theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

Answer 3

Piaget’s theory

Question 4

_____ the theory founded in large part by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children’s development.
,

Answer 4

Sociocultural theories

Question 5

_____ the theories that focus on describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time.

Answer 5

Information processing theories

Question 6

_____ refers to our biological endowment, the genes we receive from our parents.

Answer 6

Nature

Question 7

_____ refers to the environments, social as well as physical, that influence our development, everything from the womb in which we develop before birth to the homes in which we grow up, the schools we attend, and the many people with whom we interact.

Answer 7

Nurture

Question 8

_____, the ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment.

Answer 8

Depth perception

Question 9

What are the four stages of Jean Paget’s Theory?

Answer 9

sensorimotor stage
preoperational reasoning stage
concrete operational reasoning stage
formal operational reasoning stage .

Question 10

What years are the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 10

Birth to 2 years

Question 11

What years are the preoperational reasoning stage

Answer 11

2 to 6/7 years

Question 12

What years are the concrete operational reasoning stage?

Answer 12

6/7 to 11/12 years

Question 13

What years are the formal operational reasoning stage?

Answer 13

11/12 years and throughout the rest of life

Question 14

What happens during the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 14

Object permanence task is a problem

Intelligence in action: child interacts w/ environment by manipulation objects

Question 15

_____, the Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.

Answer 15

Object permanence task

Question 16

What happens during the preoperational reasoning stage?

Answer 16

Conservation problems

Thinking dominated by perception, but child becomes more capable of symbolic funtioning; conservation problem; language development occurs

Question 17

_____, problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.

Answer 17

Conservation problems

Question 18

What happens during the concrete operational reasoning stage?

Answer 18

Logical reasoning only applied to objects that are real or can be seen

Question 19

What happens during the formal operational reasoning stage?

Answer 19

Individual can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas; advanced reasoning

Question 20

_____—that is, awareness of the component sounds within words—is a crucial skill in learning to read.

Answer 20

phonemic awareness

Question 21

_____ the sizes of numbers

Answer 21

numerical magnitudes

Question 22

_____, ways in which development occurs in a gradual incremental manner, rather than through sudden jumps.

Answer 22

Continuous development

Question 23

Discontinuous development

Answer 23

Discontinuous development

Question 24

_____, large, fundamental change, as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly; stage theories such as Piaget’s posit that each stage reflects qualitative change relative to previous stages.

Answer 24

Qualitative changes

Question 25

_____, gradual, incremental change, as in the growth of a pine tree’s girth.

Answer 25

Quantitative changes