2Cognitive Development in Childhood Flashcards
Learning Objectives Be able to identify and describe the main areas of cognitive development. Be able to describe major theories of cognitive development and what distinguishes them. Understand how nature and nurture work together to produce cognitive development. Understand why cognitive development is sometimes viewed as discontinuous and sometimes as continuous. Know some ways in which research on cognitive development is being used to improve education.
_____ refers to the development of thinking across the lifespan.
Cognitive development
What study did DeVries’s do?
(diff. between appearance and reality)
Maynard the cat allowed 3-6 year olds to pet and play with it. DeVries’ then put a firce dog mask on Maynard’s (cat) head. 3 year olds were fooled that it was a dog. While the 6 year olds weren’t fooled.
_____ the theory that development occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
Piaget’s theory
_____ the theory founded in large part by Lev Vygotsky that emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children’s development.
,
Sociocultural theories
_____ the theories that focus on describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time.
Information processing theories
_____ refers to our biological endowment, the genes we receive from our parents.
Nature
_____ refers to the environments, social as well as physical, that influence our development, everything from the womb in which we develop before birth to the homes in which we grow up, the schools we attend, and the many people with whom we interact.
Nurture
_____, the ability to actively perceive the distance from oneself of objects in the environment.
Depth perception
What are the four stages of Jean Paget’s Theory?
sensorimotor stage
preoperational reasoning stage
concrete operational reasoning stage
formal operational reasoning stage .
What years are the sensorimotor stage?
Birth to 2 years
What years are the preoperational reasoning stage
2 to 6/7 years
What years are the concrete operational reasoning stage?
6/7 to 11/12 years
What years are the formal operational reasoning stage?
11/12 years and throughout the rest of life
What happens during the sensorimotor stage?
Object permanence task is a problem
Intelligence in action: child interacts w/ environment by manipulation objects
_____, the Piagetian task in which infants below about 9 months of age fail to search for an object that is removed from their sight and, if not allowed to search immediately for the object, act as if they do not know that it continues to exist.
Object permanence task
What happens during the preoperational reasoning stage?
Conservation problems
Thinking dominated by perception, but child becomes more capable of symbolic funtioning; conservation problem; language development occurs
_____, problems pioneered by Piaget in which physical transformation of an object or set of objects changes a perceptually salient dimension but not the quantity that is being asked about.
Conservation problems
What happens during the concrete operational reasoning stage?
Logical reasoning only applied to objects that are real or can be seen
What happens during the formal operational reasoning stage?
Individual can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas; advanced reasoning
_____—that is, awareness of the component sounds within words—is a crucial skill in learning to read.
phonemic awareness
_____ the sizes of numbers
numerical magnitudes
_____, ways in which development occurs in a gradual incremental manner, rather than through sudden jumps.
Continuous development
Discontinuous development
Discontinuous development
_____, large, fundamental change, as when a caterpillar changes into a butterfly; stage theories such as Piaget’s posit that each stage reflects qualitative change relative to previous stages.
Qualitative changes
_____, gradual, incremental change, as in the growth of a pine tree’s girth.
Quantitative changes
