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AHNNS > 4. Major Blood Vessels > Flashcards

4. Major Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What two major vessels are found in the neck but are hidden by the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Internal jugular vein.

Common carotid artery.

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2
Q

On the right, what artery do the subclavian and common carotid arteries arise from?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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3
Q

On the left, what artery do the subclavian and common carotid arteries arise from?

A

Arch of the aorta

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4
Q

Where do the vertebral, internal thoracic and thyrocervical arteries all arise from?

A

Subclavian artery in the base of the neck

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5
Q

Which artery does not give off any branches in the neck, and bifurcates to give the external and internal carotid arteries? At what vertebral level does it bifurcate?

A

Common carotid artery.

C4.

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6
Q

The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery. What do the ascending cervical and transverse cervical arteries branching off from this supply?

A

The neck

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7
Q

The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery. What does the suprascapular branch from this supply?

A

The shoulder.

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8
Q

The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery. What does the inferior thyroid branch from this supply?

A

Lower pole of the thyroid gland

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9
Q

Through what structures do the subclavian arteries ascend in the neck?

A

Transverse foramina in cervical vertebrae 6-1, and then pass through the foramen magnum.

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10
Q

What arteries supply the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries (branches off of these form the circle of Willis)

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11
Q

Bifurcation of what artery is a common site for atheroma formation?

A

Carotid artery

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12
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Swelling at the region of carotid artery bifurcation that is the location of baroreceptors for detecting changes in arterial BP.

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13
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

A swelling in the carotid sinus that contains peripheral chemoreceptors which detect arterial oxygen.

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14
Q

Where can the carotid pulse be felt?

A

In the carotid triangle just below the bifurcation (can also be palpated more inferiorly).

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15
Q

What is carotid sinus massage?

A

Massage of the carotid sinus to stimulate vagus input to the heart, slowing the heart rate to reduce hypertension.

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16
Q

Why should a doctor listen to the carotid artery at the point of bifurcation before performing a carotid massage?

A

Check for atherosclerosis in the artery, as massage should dislodge some atheroma, causing a stroke or TIA.

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17
Q

How does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

A

Through the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone.

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18
Q

Once the internal carotid artery has entered the skull, where does it then enter?

A

Turns medially and horizontally, enters cranial cavity, makes S-shaped bend to course through the cavernous sinus.

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19
Q

What are the cavernous sinuses?

A

Pair of dural sinuses located next to the lateral aspect of the body of the sphenoid bone.

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20
Q

Name the contents of the cavernous sinus

A

Plexus of extremely thin-walled veins on the upper surface of the sphenoid.
Internal carotid artery.
CNIII oculomotor.
CNIV trochlear.
CNVI abducent.
2 branches of the trigeminal - CNV1 opthalmic and CNV2 maxillary.

21
Q

What two main arteries branch off of the ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid artery?

A

Supratrochlear artery and supra-orbital artery.

22
Q

Name the 6 branches of the external carotid artery

A 
Superior thyroid.
Lingual.
Facial.
Ascending pharyngeal.
Occipital.
Posterior auricular.
23
Q

Name the 2 terminal branches of the external carotid artery

A

Superficial temporal.

Maxillary.

24
Q

What two branches from the internal carotid artery supply the scalp?

A

Supra-orbital artery.

Supratrochlear artery.

25
Q

What three branches from the external carotid artery supply the scalp?

A

Superficial temporal artery.
Posterior auricular rather.
Occipital artery.

26
Q

In which layer of the scalp are the blood vessels supplying the scalp found?

A

Subcutaneous dense connective tissue layer.

27
Q

What features of the blood supply to the scalp mean that a laceration can result in profuse bleeding?

A

Walls of arteries closely attached to connective tissue limits constriction.
Numerous anastomoses.
Deep lacerations involving epic racial aponeurosis cause profuse bleeding because of the opposing pull of the occiptofrontalis (opens up the laceration more).

28
Q

Why does loss of scalp not lead to bone necrosis of the skull?

A

Blood supply to the skull is mostly from the middle meningeal artery (not from same arteries as to scalp).

29
Q

From which artery do the following superficial arteries of the face arise; transverse facial artery, angular artery, lateral nasal artery, maxillary artery, superior and inferior labial artery, facial artery?

A

External carotid artery.

30
Q

From which artery do the following superficial arteries of the face arise; supra-orbital artery and supratrochlear artery?

A

Internal carotid artery (via ophthalmic).

31
Q

Where can the facial artery be felt?

A

At the inferior border of the mandible, anterior to the masseter muscle

32
Q

What branches of the maxillary artery supply the muscles and deeper structures of the face?

A

Middle meningeal artery.

Splenopalatine artery.

33
Q

Blood supply to the nasal septum is by anastomosis of arteries in the Keisselbach area. What are the 2 most important branches of these?

A

Septal branch of sphenopalatine artery (from the maxillary artery).
Anterior ethmoidal arteries (from the ophthalmic artery).

34
Q

What is a common site for nose bleeds?

A

Kiesselbach area.

35
Q

The middle meningeal artery is the main blood supply to the dura and skull. Through which foramen in the skull does it pass?

A

Foramen spinosum.

36
Q

What causes an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Fracture of the skull at the pterion, rupturing the middle meningeal artery.

37
Q

During a craniotomy, should the bone and scalp flap be reflected inferiorly or posteriorly to preserve blood supply?

A

Inferiorly.

38
Q

Which two veins unite at the medial angle of the eye to form the angular vein, which drains into the facial vein?

A

Supraorbital vein.

Supratrochlear vein.

39
Q

Where in the scalp are veins found that drain into the pterygoid venous plexus?

A

Some deep parts of the scalp in the temporal region.

40
Q

How do the veins of the scalp connect to the diploid veins of the skull and thus to the dural venous sinuses?

A

Emissary veins.

41
Q

What are the veins of the face and neck generally paired with (aiding in naming)?

A

The arteries of the face and neck

42
Q

Do the veins of the face have valves?

A

No, are valveless.

43
Q

Where does the facial vein communicate with the superior ophthalmic vein? Where do they drain into?

A

Medial angle of the eye.

Drains into the cavernous sinus.

44
Q

Where do the deep facial veins drain into?

A

Pterygoid plexus.

45
Q

Where can infection from the facial vein spread to?

A

Dural venous sinuses.

46
Q

Where can an infected clot travel to in thrombophlebitis of the facial vein?

A

Intracranial venous system, via the pterygoid venous plexus, as it communicates with the cavernous sinus.

47
Q

What is the danger triangle of the face?

A

Region of the face where infections can spread through the venous system to the dural venous sinuses.

48
Q

Is the IJV or EJV a better indication of the pressure in the right atrium of the heart?

A

IJV

49
Q

Describe how to measure the jugular venous pressure

A

Use right internal jugular vein, as is effectively like a direct connection to the right atrium.
Patient at 45 degree angle, head slightly to the left.
Observe pulsation through sternocleidomastoid.
Measure height in cmH2O from sternal angle, +5cm.

AHNNS (17 decks)

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