14. Oral Cavity And Pharynx Flashcards
What nerve innervates all of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve.
How many intrinsic muscles of the tongue are there?
4 pairs.
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Genioglossus.
Hypoglossus.
Styloglossus.
Palatoglossus.
What 2 nerves innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Sensation - CN V trigeminal (Vc).
Taste - CN VII Facial.
What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
Sensation and taste - glossopharyngeal.
What are the 3 salivary glands?
Submandibular.
Parotid.
Sublingual.
Where do most salivary gland stones occur?
Submandibular glands.
What do salivary stones usually occur as a result of?
Dehydration leading to reduced salivary flow.
Give 2 symptoms of salivary stones.
Pain in gland.
Swelling.
Infection.
Give 3 symptoms of tonsilitis.
Fever. Sore throat. Pain/difficulty swallowing. Cervical lymph nodes. Bad breath.
Give 4 signs/symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess.
Severe throat pain. Fever. Bad breath. Drooling. Difficulty opening mouth. Quinsy. Deviated uvula.
What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx and what does it contain?
Base of skull (C1 and C2) to upper border of the soft palate (nasal cavity).
Contains the pharyngeal tonsil and opening of Eustachian tube.
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx and what does it contain?
Soft palate (oral cavity) to epiglottis (C2 and C3). Contains - palatine tonsils.
What are the boundaries of the laryngopharynx and what does it contain?
From oropharynx to oesophagus so epiglottis (larynx) to cricoid cartilage (C4, C5 and C6).
Contains - pisiform fossa.
What are the 3 longitudinal muscles which elevate the pharynx and larynx during swallowing, and what is each innervated by?
Stylopharyngeus - CN IX glossopharyngeal nerve.
Palatopharyngeus - CN X pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve.
Salpingopharngeus - CN X pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve.
What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles? What nerve are they all innervated by?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor.
Middle pharyngeal constrictor.
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor - 2 parts the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal.
All supplied by CN X vagus nerve.
Where can a Killian’s dehiscence lead to a Zenker’s diverticulum (pharyngeal pouch)?
Weakness between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal parts of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.
What can lead to a Zenker’s diverticulum (pharyngeal pouch) forming through a Killians dehiscence?
Failure of the upper oesophageal sphincter to relax.
Abnormal timing of swallowing, so higher pressure in laryngopharynx and weakness in inferior constrictor muscle produces outpouching.
Name 3 symptoms of Zenker’s diverticulum (pharyngeal pouch) and why these symptoms occur.
Bad breath. Regurgitation of food. Occasional choking on fluids,. General difficulty swallowing. All related to food material collecting in the pouch or disruption of swallow.
What is seen in damage to CN IX and X with regards to swallowing?
Absent gag. Uvula deviated away from the lesion. Dysphagia. Taste impairment. Loss of sensation in the oropharynx.
What causes damage to CN IX and X?
Medullary infarct.
Jugular foramen fracture.
What is seen in damage to CN XII with regards to swallowing?
Wasted tongue.
Tongue deviation and fasiculations.
Give 3 causes of dysphagia.
Stroke.
Progressive neurological disease eg Parkinson’s, MS.
COPD.
Dementia.
Give 3 signs/symptoms of dysphagia
Coughing and choking. Sialorrhoea. Recurrent pneumonia. Change in voice/speech. Nasal regurgitation.
