4) Leadership

Question 1

What are the differences between a manager and a leader?

Answer 1

Manager Leader

Job Role
Is assigned Is accepted
Formal Authority Informal Authority
Obedience through reward Commitment by charm
Calculating Reciprocal
Acceptable Excellent
Manages/ Has to Leads people/ Wants to

Question 2

What are the three main management levels found in a classical organization?

Answer 2

1) Top-Level management
2) Middle management
3) First-line management

Question 3

With regards to management levels what are the differences between a “Classical” and a “Modern” organization?

Answer 3

1) Modern management has no lower-level management

- Need more points here-

Question 4

What does Top-Level management do?

Answer 4

It is the responsibility of the senior level to provide leadership to the organization

Question 5

What does middle management do?

Answer 5

middle management directs the activities of the operational levels, including the first line management level

Question 6

What is the difference between a functional manager and a general manager?

Answer 6

Functional manager: Responsible for a certain aspect, focusing on one task. An example is a purchasing manager.

General manager: Responsible for all activities within a part of the organization. An example of this is a regional manager.

Question 7

What are the 3 main management roles?

Answer 7

1) Interpersonal roles
2) Informational roles
3) Decision making roles

Question 8

What are the 5 sources of Power/Authority? and where do they come from?

Answer 8

1) Reward power: influencing behavior through reward (Positional)
2) coerced power: influencing behavior by punishment (Positional)
3) legitimate power: the employee accepts the power of the manager (Positional)
4) expert power: influencing behavior using specific and relevant knowledge (personal)
5) referent power: influencing behavior via charisma (personal)

Question 9

What are the 3 basic formats of power relationships?

Answer 9

1) Equal versus Equal
X—–X—–X

2) high versus low
X
/ \
X X

3) high versus middle versus low
      X
       |
      X
    /     \
X          X

Question 10

There are 3 styles of leadership according to “Classifying leadership according to employee participation and ability to make decisions” what are these?

Answer 10

1) authoritarian leadership.
2) democratic leadership.
3) participatory leadership.

Question 11

What is the harmony model? (Management & Power)

Answer 11

Employees have the same interests so it’s easier to coordinate them.

Question 12

What is the faction model? (Management & Power)

Answer 12

Employees don’t share the same goals, so managers have to use power to resort the company’s goal.

Question 13

What is authoritarian leadership? (Classifying leadership according to employee participation and ability to make decisions)

Answer 13

The leader takes the decisions (no room for participation).

Question 14

What is Participatory leadership? (Classifying leadership according to employee participation and ability to make decisions)

Answer 14

something in-between authoritarian and democratic, final decisions are made by the leader, but first employees are consulted.

Question 15

What is democratic leadership? (Classifying leadership according to employee participation and ability to make decisions)

Answer 15

the group takes the decisions

Question 16

What are the main characteristics of X and Y theory?

Answer 16

X – people are lazy, interested only in money, prefer to be led, Don’t want to take responsibility
Y – people are eager to work, intrinsically motivated, and accept responsibility

Question 17

How does X-Y theory relate to the 3 styles of leadership (Authoritarian, Participating, Democratic)

Answer 17

X theory people are unmotivated and lazy. They want to be led, therefore, the Authoritarian leadership suits their leader more.

Y theory are motivated, they want to take responsibility, therefore, the Participating and Democratic leadership would suit their leader best.

Question 18

what is the leadership diagram? (Blake and mouton)

Answer 18

Two dimensions of leadership:

1) concern for people (relationship orientation) Y Axis
2) concern for production (task orientation) X axis

This creates a matrix from 1 to 9

Five leadership styles:
style 1.1 (impoverished management): low concern for people and production
style 9.1 (authority-compliance management): focus on production rather than people
style 1.9 (country club management): much attention to people, little for production
style 5.5 (middle-of-the-road management): concern for production and people is balanced.
style 9.9 (team-oriented/democratic management): much attention to people and production

Question 19

What extra dimension did Reddin add to the leadership diagram of Blake and Mouton

Answer 19

The three dimensions of Reddin’s model are:
1 attention to people;
2 attention to production or task;
3 effectiveness.

Question 20

Employees can be scored and assessed according to their individual acceptance level in
performing a task. (Hersey and Blanchard) identify four levels of task maturity. what are these?

Answer 20

What are the 4 stages of task maturity? M1 – Unable and unwilling ( Telling )
M2 – unable and willing ( Selling )
M3 – able and unwilling ( Participating )
M4 – able and willing ( Delegating )

Question 21

What is a participating leadership style? (Hersey and Blanchard)

Answer 21

This leadership style is characterized by a strong relational orientation but a weak task orientation. The employee receives little direction from the manager, but a lot of support. Decision-making occurs jointly, with the manager encouraging the employee in the completion of the required activities.

Question 22

What is a selling leadership style? (Hersey and Blanchard)

Answer 22

This style is characterized by a strong emphasis on both the directional and support dimensions. Employees are given a lot of direction as well as a lot of support in the execution of their tasks.

Question 23

What is a Delegating leadership style? (Hersey and Blanchard)

Answer 23

This style scores low in both dimensions, with the manager giving little direction and support to the employee with respect to completing a certain task, and delegating the accompanying responsibility to that employee. The employee is therefore acting autonomously in the execution of those tasks.

Question 24

What is a Telling leadership style? (Hersey and Blanchard)

Answer 24

Employees are given a lot of instruction, but little in the way of support. This leadership style scores high on task orientation, but low on relational orientation.

Question 25

what are the four leadership reception styles?

Answer 25

1) The inquisitive receiver – wants to develop both knowledge and skills.
This person is self-motivated in approach and inquisitive, wanting to know everything
about the task as quickly as possible.

2) The drop-out receiver – needs both instructions and support, lacks the required ability,
and is not yet willing to execute tasks.

3) The misunderstood receiver – does not need any instructions, but requires a large
amount of acknowledgment. This receiver is reasonably capable and has a lot of ideas
about how things could be performed better.

4) The independent receiver – is very capable and has a lot of self-confidence.

Question 26

What does LPC stand for in the context of contingency leadership?

Answer 26

Least Preferred Co-Worker

Question 27

What is transformational leadership?

Answer 27

When a company wants to expand fast they need transformation leadership. Characteristics are:

• Its onset is sudden
• old structure completely disappears
• there is a complete change of awareness on the part of organizational members

Question 28

What are the qualities of a transformational leader?

Answer 28

• the ability to anticipate change: having the foresight
• vision: focus on new challenges
• the ability to take a broader scale of factors into account
• the capability to share power with their employees
• a large degree of self-knowledge and awareness of their own goals and motives, as well as those of employees

Question 29

What is self-leadership?

Answer 29

• Manager is not superior to his employees
• The main task of managers is to stimulate employees to function properly
• Horizontal management style