4 Formation of Liberation Fronts Flashcards
When was the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) established?
early 1969
When did the MNLF publicly emerge and begin claiming credit for fighting in Mindanao and Sulu?
Early 1973
What was the initial context behind the formation of the MNLF?
necessity to organize, mobilize, and fight for survival
Who was the Chairman of the MNLF’s Provisional Central Committee?
Nur Misuari
Who was the Vice Chairman of the MNLF’s Provisional Central Committee?
Abul Khayr Alonto
Key leadership members of the MNLF and their region (5)
- Otto Salahuddin (Basilan)
- Ali Alibon (Davao)
- Lumet Hassan “King Size” (Cotabato)
- Sali Wali (Zamboanga)
- Salamat Hashim (Cotabato Province)
It was the discussion on permanent leadership for the MNLF.
1972 The Sabah Meeting
Who convened the 1972 Sabah meeting to elect a permanent Chairman for the MNLF?
Chief Minister Datu Tun Mustapha Haron
Who were the representatives in the Cairo faction at the 1972 Sabah meeting? (4)
- Salamat Hashim
- Dr. Saleh Loong
- Daud Tayuan
- Muntassir Abdulrahman
Who was elected Chairman of the MNLF during the 1972 Sabah meeting?
Nur Misuari
What was the outcome of Salamat Hashim’s stance at the 1972 Sabah meeting? (2)
- Salamat Hashim conceded for unity
- Nur Misuari elected as Chairman of MNLF
Where did Nur Misuari relocate in 1973 to direct early MNLF battles?
Sabah, Malaysia
Where did Salamat Hashim remain during the intense fighting in 1973?
Cotabato
Where did Salamat Hashim move to later in 1973, assuming a role in Foreign Service?
Tripoli, Libya
What year was the MNLF’s leadership reorganized, and the expanded Central Committee established?
1975
Who was re-elected as Chairman of the MNLF in 1975?
Nur Misuari
Who was named the Vice Chairman of the MNLF in 1975?
Abul Khayr Alonto
Who was responsible for Foreign Affairs in the MNLF in 1975?
Salamat Hashim
Who was the Secretary General of the MNLF in 1975?
Abebakrin Lucman
Who was appointed Information Chair of the MNLF in 1975?
Abdurasad Asani
What significant event occurred in March 1978 regarding Abul Khayr Alonto?
He surrendered to the government.
When did Abul Khayr Alonto surrendered to the government?
March 1978
What happened in the aftermath of Abul Khayr Alonto’s surrender in March 1978?
Salamat Hashim became Vice Chairman of the Central Committee.
What year was the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO) established?
1970
Who established the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Congressman Rashid Lucman
What was the main purpose of the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
To serve as the umbrella organization leading all the other liberation forces.
Who was the head of the Executive Council of the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Cong. Rashid Lucman
Who was the Secretary of the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Macapanton Abbas Jr.
Who was in charge of Cotabato Affairs in the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Udtog Matalam Jr.
Who was in charge of Lanao Affairs in the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Abul Khayr Alonto
Who was in charge of Sulu Affairs in the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO)?
Nur Misuari
Who declared themselves as the “representatives” of the Moro people in the Philippines in 1971?
- Cong. Rashid Lucman
- ex-Sen. Salipada Pendatun
- ex-Sen. Domocao Alonto
What was the significance of being declared as the “representatives” of the Moro people?
It allowed them to visit Libya to seek aid.
Who swore to aid the Moro representatives when they visited Libya in 1971?
President Muammar Gaddafi
What was the result of the aid from Libya to the Moro representatives?
conflict between the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
What did the MNLF allegedly do regarding the Libyan aid to the BMLO?
allegedly intercepted the support from the Libyan government and withheld a letter from the Libyan Minister Saleh Bouyasser instructing Lucman to meet Dr. Ali Treki to claim the $3.5 million aid
Who presented the Moro struggles before the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1972?
Macapanton Abbas Jr.
Who became a part of the Presidential Task Force for the Reconstruction and Development of Mindanao (PTFRDM) in 1973?
Macapanton Abbas Jr. (Secretary of BMLO)
What is PTFRDM?
Presidential Task Force for the Reconstruction and Development of Mindanao
What title did Cong. Rashid Lucman work to obtain from President Marcos in 1973?
“Paramount Sultan of Mindanao and Sulu.”
What was the benefit of Lucman and his people becoming members of the PTFRDM?
They gained access to resources.
When was the conference held in MSU-Marawi where they discussed the autonomy of Moro areas?
June 4-6, 1974
What was the purpose of the conference held in MSU-Marawi from June 4-6, 1974?
To discuss the autonomy of Moro areas.
What committee demanded from the Philippine government during the MSU-Marawi conference to undertake a political and peaceful solution to the Moro problem through negotiation?
Quadripartite Ministerial Committee (QMC) of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
How were Lucman and other Moro leaders labeled after the MSU-Marawi conference?
“opponents of the government”
What did Lucman and his allies attempt to do after being labeled opponents of the government?
tried to reconcile with the MNLF but were unsuccessful
When did students in the Middle East begin forming organizations with Islamic foundations aimed at Moro liberation?
As early as 1962.
Where did the Moro students, particularly those involved in Moro liberation, form organizations in the 1960s?
Cairo, Egypt
What was the aim of the student organizations formed in the Middle East in the early 1960s?
establish Moro liberation from Manila’s rule
Who was a central figure among the Moro students studying Islamic courses in Cairo, Egypt?
Salamat Hashim
What did Salamat Hashim and the other students conceptualize that later emerged as the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)?
A Moro nationalist organization.
What was the primary goal of the MNLF in its early stages?
To liberate the Moro homeland.
How did Salamat Hashim and Nur Misuari initially collaborate in the MNLF?
Hashim supported Misuari’s rise to MNLF leadership.
What ideological rift developed between Nur Misuari and Salamat Hashim?
- Misuari, a secularly-educated nationalist
- Hashim, had an Islamic orientation
A petition from the Kutawato Revolutionary Committee (KRC) signed by 57 officers, calling for Nur Misuari’s replacement with Salamat Hashim as the MNLF leader. Where was it sent (2) and when was this?
- Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
- Muslim World League (MWL)
- September 21, 1977
Hashim drafted an “Instrument of Takeover” and sent a letter to the OIC Secretary-General, Dr. Ahmadou Karim Gaye, outlining his reasons for taking over. When was this?
December 26, 1977
What action did Salamat Hashim take on December 26, 1977, regarding the MNLF leadership?
- drafted an “Instrument of Takeover”
- sent a letter to the OIC Secretary-General, Dr. Ahmadou Karim Gaye, outlining his reasons for taking over.
What were the major points Salamat Hashim outlined in his “Instrument of Takeover” for replacing Misuari? (3)
1) The MNLF leadership was evolving toward a Marxist-Maoist orientation, deviating from its Islamic foundations.
2) The MNLF Central Committee had become a mysterious, exclusive, and secretive body dominated by Misuari
3) This exclusive nature caused confusion, suspicion, and disappointment among members and Mujahideen, leading to a loss of freedom fighters.
The MWL Secretary-General Dr. Mohammad Ali Harakan organized a meeting for the reconciliation efforts between Misuari and Hashim in 1980. What were the purposes? (3)
1) Forget and forgive their differences.
2) Set up a common platform and program.
3) Form a collective leadership through a higher political committee chairman.
Who organized a meeting for the reconciliation efforts between Misuari and Hashim in 1980?
MWL Secretary-General Dr. Mohammad Ali Harakan
How did Misuari and Hashim respond to the 1980 reconciliation efforts?
- Hashim agreed to the reconciliation terms
- Misuari rejected parts of the agreement
- unresolved
In March 1984, what did Hashim and his supporters officially establish as a separate organization with Islam as its guiding ideology?
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
When was the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) established?
March 1984
Who was groomed to succeed Salamat Hashim in 1977?
Dimasangkay Pundato
Dimasangkay Pundato was groomed to succeed Salamat Hashim and was later officially installed as __ to Chairman Nur Misuari.
Deputy
After almost 6 months in the fold of the MNLF, Dimasangkay Pundato, Jibril Ridha, Napis Bidin, and 42 others signed and submitted a nine-point reform proposal to MNLF Chair Nur Misuari. When was this?
March 1982
What was the main goal of the nine-point reform proposal submitted to MNLF Chairman Nur Misuari in 1982?
To strengthen and reform the organization
What were some key elements of the nine-point reform proposal submitted to Misuari in 1982? (4)
1) Creation of a real, functional, and representative Central Committee
2) Creation of an Executive Committee
3) Forging unity with other organizations (e.g., BMLO, MNLF Salamat Faction)
4) Localization of leaders and commands in the provinces
What was the outcome when MNLF Chairman Nur Misuari rejected the nine-point reform proposal in 1982?
All petitioners were dismissed from the MNLF.
When did Dimasangkay Pundato and his associates form the “MNLF reformist” faction?
June 1982
What was the significance of the 1981 pilgrimage to Mecca for Dimasangkay Pundato and his group?
They sought a unity meeting with the new MNLF leadership under Salamat Hashim, which briefly resulted in cordial relations.
What year was the pilgrimage of Dimasangkay Pundato and his group to Mecca?
1981
When did Dimasangkay Pundato and his associates surrendered and accepted government positions, leading to the abolition of the MNLF-Reformist as a revolutionary group?
1985
