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HEMATOLOGY > 4. ERYTHROPOIESIS > Flashcards

4. ERYTHROPOIESIS Flashcards

1
Q

Mature erythrocytes are

A

Nonnucleated, biconcave discs with a central pallor that occupies one-third of the cell.

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2
Q

ERYTHROCYTES Life span

A

120 days

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3
Q

ERYTHROCYTES Main function

A

transports or carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where oxygen is released

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4
Q

ERYTHROCYTES Secondary function

A

transports carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs + buffers the pH of the blood

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5
Q

MATURATION PROCESS rbc

A

Pluripotent HSC → Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) → Burst-Forming Unit Erythroid (BFU-E) → + IL 3, GM-CSF, Kit Ligand → CFU-E → + Erythropoietin → RBC Precursor cells → Mature RBC

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6
Q

earliest committed progenitor; gives rise to large colonies

A

Burst-Forming Unit-Erythroid

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7
Q

gives rise to smaller colonies of RBC

A

Colony-Forming Unit-Erythroid

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8
Q

BFU-E → mature RBC time

A

18- 21 days

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9
Q

BFU-E → CFU-E time

A

1 week

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10
Q

CFU-E → pronormoblast time

A

1 week

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11
Q

Pronormoblast → mature RBC time

A

6 to 7 days

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12
Q

The oxygen carrying component of RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

cell division + maturation

A

Normoblastic proliferation

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14
Q

Erythrocyte precursor cells

A

Pronormoblast → Basophilic normoblast → Polychromatic normoblast → Orthochromic normoblast →
Polychromatic erythrocyte

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15
Q

immature RBCs | nucleated precursors in the BM | developing nucleated
cells with normal appearance

A

Erythroblasts/Normoblasts

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16
Q

mature RBCs

A

Erythrocytes

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17
Q

Last stage that can undergo mitosis

A

Polychromatophilic normoblasts

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18
Q

NORMOBLASTIC nomenclature

A

Pronormoblast

Basophilic normoblast

Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
normoblast

Orthochromic normoblast

Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
erythrocyte*

Erythrocyte

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19
Q

RUBRIBLASTIC Nomenclature

A

Rubriblast

Prorubricyte

Rubricyte

Metarubricyte

Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
erythrocyte*

Erythrocyte

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20
Q

ERYTHROBLASTIC Nomenclature

A

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythroblast

Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
erythroblast

Orthochromic erythroblast

Polychromatic (polychromatophilic)
erythrocyte*

Erythrocyte

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21
Q

CRITERIA USED IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF ERYTHROID PRECURSORS

A

❖ Diameter of the cell decreases

❖ Diameter of nucleus decreases more rapidly than the cell | N:C ratio decreases

❖ Nuclear chromatin pattern → coarser, clumped, condensed (raspberry-like appearance)

❖ Nucleoli disappears → cessation of protein synthesis

❖ Cytoplasm changes from blue to gray-blue (Basophilic) to salmon pink (Acidophilic/Eosinophilic)

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22
Q

blueness fades due to

A

ribosomes + other organelles ↓

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23
Q

Basophilia is caused by

A

amount of ribosomal RNA

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24
Q

Basic stain

A

methylene blue

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25
Q

due to its acidic components which attract basic stain

A

Blueness or basophilia

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26
Q

due to its basic components which attract acid stain

A

Pinkness or eosinophilia/acidophilia

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27
Q

Acid stain

A

eosin

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28
Q

Eosinophilia is caused by

A

accumulation of hemoglobin

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29
Q

Rubriblast (Pronormoblast) SIZE

A

12-19 µm

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30
Q

Rubriblast
(Pronormoblast) N:C RATIO

A

8:1

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31
Q

Rubriblast (Pronormoblast) NUCLEUS

A

Contains 1 or 2 nucleoli

Large, round nucleus

Chromatin is purple red and has a fine pattern

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32
Q

Rubriblast (Pronormoblast) CYTOPLASM

A

Deep blue (due to ribosomesRNA activity) without granules

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33
Q

Rubriblast (Pronormoblast) FEATURES

A

❖ Earliest recognizable stage
❖ High RNA activity (needed for
production of CHONs required for Hgb synthesis)
❖ Globin production begins

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34
Q

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) CYTOPLASM

A

Deeper, richer blue

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35
Q

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) FEATURES

A

❖ Most helpful criteria (when comparing with rubriblast): coarser chromatin and absence of nucleoli

❖ Start of hemoglobin synthesis (Hgb pigmentation not yet evident)

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36
Q

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) SIZE

A

12-17 µm

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37
Q

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) N:C
RATIO

A

6:1

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38
Q

Prorubricyte (Basophilic Normoblast) NUCLEUS

A

Nucleoli may be present in the early
stage but disappears later

Nuclear chromatin is deep purple red and begins to condense

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39
Q

Preparatory stage - produces proteins and enzymes necessary for cellular activities

Globin production

A

Pronormoblast

40
Q

cellular activities prepared in pronormoblast stage

A

Hemoglobin synthesis
Iron uptake
Protoporphyrin synthesis

41
Q

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic
normoblast) SIZE

A

11-15 µm

42
Q

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic
normoblast) N:C RATIO

A

4:1

43
Q

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic
normoblast) NUCLEUS

A

Increased clumping of the chromatin
No nucleoli are present

44
Q

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic
normoblast) FEATURES

A

❖ Hemoglobin synthesis increases
(Hgb pigmentation becomes evident)
❖ Last stage capable of mitosis
❖ Polychromatophilic – many color
❖ Progressive ↓ in DNA synthesis

45
Q

Rubricyte (Polychromatophilic
normoblast) CYTOPLASM

A

Pink (Hgb)+ blue = murky gray-blue

46
Q

Two components of hemoglobin

A

Heme and globin

47
Q

Pronormoblast can be found where

A

Only in bone marrow except for pathologic conditions

48
Q

Metarubricyte (Orthochromic normoblast or nucleated RBC/NRBC) SIZE

A

8-12 µm

49
Q

Metarubricyte (Orthochromic normoblast or nucleated RBC/NRBC) N:C RATIO

A

1:2

50
Q

Metarubricyte (Orthochromic normoblast or nucleated RBC/NRBC) NUCLEUS

A

Chromatin pattern is tightly/completely condensed = Pyknotic nucleus

51
Q

Metarubricyte (Orthochromic normoblast or nucleated RBC/NRBC) CYTOPLASM

A

Reddish pink

52
Q

Metarubricyte (Orthochromic normoblast or nucleated RBC/NRBC) FEATURES

A

❖ Last nucleated stage
❖ Hgb synthesis continues
❖ Loss of vimentin (a protein which hold organelles in proper location in the cytoplasm)
❖ Nucleus expulsion or extrusion occurs
❖ Pyrenocyte (pyknotic/enveloped extruded nucleus) → engulfed by BM macrophages

53
Q

Why did basophilia increase in prorubricyte

A

Increase rate of protein synthesis and hemoglobin

54
Q

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic erythrocyte) N:C RATIO

A

wala, ulol

55
Q

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic erythrocyte) NUCLEUS

A

Cell is anuclear
Diffuse reticulum

56
Q

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic erythrocyte) CYTOPLASM

A

Various degrees of polychromasia (mixed pink and blue staining)

57
Q

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic erythrocyte) FEATURES

A

❖ End-stage of Hgb synthesis
❖ Diffusely basophilic erythrocyte (Wright stain)
❖ Reticulocyte (Supravital stain)
❖ Endoribonuclease digests the ribosomes
❖ Resides in the BM for 1-2/2-3 days prior to its release in the PB
❖ Stays in the PB for about 1 day before becoming mature RBC

58
Q

Basophilic normoblast can only be found where

A

Bone marrow except for pathologic conditions

59
Q

Reticulocyte (Polychromatophilic
erythrocyte) SIZE

A

7-10 µm

60
Q

Erythrocyte FEATURES

A

❖ Erythrocytes cannot divide
❖ No mitochondria
❖ Biconcave disc (discocyte)
❖ Hemoglobin is the cell’s main component

61
Q

Erythrocyte SIZE

A

6-8 μm

62
Q

Erythrocyte NUCLEUS

A

Cell is anuclear

63
Q

Erythrocyte CYTOPLASM

A

Salmon-pink with central pale area

64
Q

Metarubricyte is also known as

A

Nucleated red blood cell

65
Q

Pronormoblast Nucleoli

A

1-2

66
Q

Pronormoblast %in Bone Marrow

A

1%

67
Q

Pronormoblast Bone Marrow
Transit Time

A

24 hours

68
Q

Basophilic normoblast Nucleoli

A

0-1

69
Q

Basophilic normoblast %in Bone Marrow

A

1%-4%

70
Q

Basophilic normoblast Bone Marrow Transit Time

A

24 hours

71
Q

Polychromatic normoblast Nucleoli

A

0

72
Q

Polychromatic normoblast %in Bone Marrow

A

10%-20%

73
Q

Polychromatic normoblast Bone Marrow Transit Time

A

30 hours

74
Q

Orthochromic normoblast Nucleoli

A

0

75
Q

Orthochromic normoblast %in Bone
Marrow

A

5%-10%

76
Q

Orthochromic normoblast Bone Marrow Transit Time

A

48 hours

77
Q

Polychromatic erythrocyte Nucleoli

A

0

78
Q

Polychromatic erythrocyte %in Bone Marrow

A

1%

79
Q

Polychromatic erythrocyte
Bone Marrow Transit Time

A

24-48 hours

80
Q

contributes to the movement of nucleus to the periphery of the cell

A

Vimentin reduction in cell

81
Q

How many are produced in 1 pronormoblast

A

❖ 16/ 8-32 mature RBCs

82
Q

Nucleus extrusion process

A

Vimentin reduction
Pseudopodal movement of nucleus to cytoplasm
Pinching

83
Q

Outer membrane of pyrenocyte

A

Phosphatidylserine

84
Q

As proteins accumulate, the number of organelles gradually

A

diminishes

85
Q

most important in the early stages of RBC development; serves as the site for DNA and RNA synthesis

A

Nucleus

86
Q

composed of DNA, histones and other CHONs

A

Chromatin

87
Q

inactive; appears more condensed; takes up basic dye (basophilic color – dark blue)

A

Heterochromatin

88
Q

active; appears more open/granular; does not take up basic dye

A

Eurochromatin

89
Q

in the cytoplasm of early erythrocyte precursors serves as site of globin synthesis and
other CHONs

A

Ribosomes

90
Q

site of aerobic generation of energy for the maturing cell and insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX (heme synthesis)

A

Mitochondria

91
Q

heme synthesis process

A

insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX

92
Q

🖝 can be found freely dispersed in the cytoplasm
🖝 they are bound to vesicles

A

Iron (in the form of ferritin)

93
Q

→ferritin appears as small blue aggregates called

A

siderotic granules

94
Q

Iron (in the form of ferritin) can be stained using

A

Prussian blue

95
Q

Reticulocyte spend how much time in the bone marrow and in the circulation

A

1-2-3 days in bone marrow
24 hours in circulation to mature

96
Q

Basophilic stipplings are found in

A

Punctate basophilic erythrocyte

HEMATOLOGY (6 decks)

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