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HEMATOLOGY > 2. HEMATOPOIESIS PART 1 > Flashcards

2. HEMATOPOIESIS PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a continuous and regulated process of blood cell production that includes cell renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation.

A

hematopoiesis

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2
Q

organs involved in hematopoieis

A

bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus

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3
Q

stages of hematopoiesis

A

mesoblastic, hepatic, myeloid

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4
Q

when does mesoblastic phase begin?

A

19th day of gestation

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5
Q

what type of hematopoiesis happens in the mesoblastic period?

A

primitive hematopoiesis

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6
Q

in the mesoblastic stage, cells from the mesoderm migrate in these two locations:

A

yolk sac, aorta-gonad mesonephros

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7
Q

cells from the mesoderm that migrate to the central cavity of the yolk sac form into?

A

primitive erythroblasts

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8
Q

cells from the mesoderm that surround the cavity of the yolk sac form into?

A

angioblasts

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9
Q

angioblasts will eventually form what structures

A

blood vessels

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10
Q

cells from the mesoderm that migrate to the aorta-gonad mesonephros region will form?

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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11
Q

what is the purpose of primary erythroblasts?

A

produce hemoglobin needed for delivery of oxygen to rapidly developing embryonic tissues

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12
Q

embryonic hemoglobins

A

gower 1, gower 2, portland

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13
Q

yolk sac hematopoiesis is (intra/extravascular)?

A

intravascular

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14
Q

start of the hepatic stage of hematopoiesis

A

5th to 7th week of gestation

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15
Q

this marks the definitive stage of hematopoiesis

A

hepatic stage

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16
Q

the stage of hematopoiesis that is marked by the presence of recognizable developing erythroblasts, granulocytes, monocyte

A

hepatic phase

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17
Q

first fully developed organ in the hepatic stage; major site of T cell production

A

thymus

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18
Q

the site of b cell production in the hepatic stage

A

kidney and spleen

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19
Q

will gradually decrease granulocyte production and starts to mainly focus on lymphopoiesis during the hepatic stage

A

spleen

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20
Q

the predominant hemoglobin in the hepatic stage

A

Hb F

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21
Q

hepatic hematopoiesis is (intra/extravascular)?

A

extravascular

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22
Q

it is when medullary hematopoiesis begins

A

5th month of gestation

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23
Q

site of myeloid hematopoiesis

A

bone marrow

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24
Q

in medullary hematopoiesis, these cells begin to migrate into the core of the bone

A

HSCs, mesenchymal cells

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25
Q

these cells continue to proceed with hematopoiesis as they migrate to the bone marrow

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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26
Q

in the myeloid stage of hematopoiesis, these cells differentiate into stromal cells

A

mesenchymal cells

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27
Q

it is the week where the bone marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis

A

end of the 24th week gestation

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28
Q

it is the week where the bone marrow becomes the only normal site of blood cell production

A

3 weeks postpartum onwards

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29
Q

specific medullary hematopoietic sites in children

A

skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, long bones of arms & legs

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30
Q

specific medullary hematopoietic sites in adults

A

flat bone only: skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, proximal ends of long bones of arms & legs

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31
Q

percentage of hemoglobin in neonates in myeloid hematopoiesis

A

Hb F (60-80%)
Hb A (20-40%)

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32
Q

percentage of hemoglobin in adults in myeloid hematopoiesis

A

Hb A1 (>95%)
Hb A2 (1.5-3%)
Hb F (<1/2%)

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33
Q

the myeloid to erythroid ration in the medullary phase

A

3:1/4:1

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34
Q

These five are within measurable levels during myeloid phase.

A

EPO
G-CSF
GM-CSF
Hb F
Hb A

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35
Q

The counterpart of fetal hepatic period in infants is the ________________ in adults

A

extramedullary hematopoiesis

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36
Q

it is where extramedullary hematopoiesis

A

liver, spleen

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37
Q

contains developing erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic, and lymphoid cells

A

bone marrow

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38
Q

consists of the bone marrow and thymus and is where T and B lymphocytes are derived

A

primary lymphoid tissue

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39
Q

where lymphoid cells respond to foreign antigens

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

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40
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

MALT, lymph nodes, spleen

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41
Q

two major components of the bone marrow

A

red marrow, yellow marrow

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42
Q

hematopoietically active marrow

A

red marrow

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43
Q

the red marrow consists of:

A

developing blood cells and their progenitors

44
Q

hematopoietically inactive marrow

A

yellow marrow

45
Q

the yellow marrow consists of:

A

adipocytes, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and macrophage

46
Q

infant contain ____% marrow

A

100%

47
Q

replacement of active marrow by adipocytes; a reversible process

A

retrogression

48
Q

ratio of red and yellow marrow in adults

A

50/50 (flat cells: 10-50% | blood cells: 40-60)

49
Q

the bone marrow contains:

A

hematopoietic cells, stromal cells, blood vessels

50
Q

support blood cells in the bone marrow

A

stromal cells

51
Q

(stromal cells) broad, flat cells that form a single continuous layer along the inner surface of the arteries, veins, and vascular sinuses

A

endothelial cells

52
Q

(stromal cells) large cells with a single fat vacuole; they play a role in regulating the volume of the marrow, and contain growth factors that positively stimulate HSC numbers and bone homeostasis

A

adipocytes

53
Q

(stromal cells) function in phagocytosis, and both macrophages and lymphocytes secrete various cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

54
Q

(stromal cells) bone forming and resorption cells

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

55
Q

(stromal cells) cells form an incomplete layer of cells on the abluminal surface of the vascular sinuses

A

reticular adventitial cells

56
Q

are stromal cells in the bone marrow that are involved in cytokine production

A

reticular adventitial, endothelial, macrophages and lymphocytes

57
Q

(niches in ev cords) they develop in small clusters, and the more mature forms are located adjacent to the outer surfaces of the vascular sinuses

A

erythroblasts

58
Q

(niches in ev cords) are located adjacent to the walls of the vascular sinuses, which facilitates the release of platelets into the lumen of the sinus

A

megakaryocytes

59
Q

(niches in ev cords) located deep within the cords. As these maturing granulocytes proceed along their differentiation pathway, they move closer to the vascular sinuses.

A

metamyelocytic stage of immature myeloid cells

60
Q

hemapoietic cells are arranged into ______________ in the bone marrow

A

extravascular cords

61
Q

are spongy structures within the bone that supports hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow

A

trabeculae

62
Q

are the blood vessels that supplies nutrient and oxygen requirements of the marrow

A

nutrient and periosteal arteries

63
Q

artery that supplies blood only to the marrow

A

nutrient artery

64
Q

artery that provides nutrient for the osseous bone and the marrow

A

periosteal artery

65
Q

it is where blood vessels enter and exit the bone marrow

A

bone foramen

66
Q

major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.

A

liver

67
Q

chief functional cells of the liver

A

hepatocytes

68
Q

macrophages in the liver that remove senescent cells and foreign debris from the blood that circulates through the liver

A

kupffer cells

69
Q

where kupffer cells are located

A

lumen of vascular sinusoids

70
Q

Largest lymphoid organ in the body; serves as indiscriminate filter of blood

A

spleen

71
Q

the spleen contains how many mL of blood

A

350 mL

72
Q

three types of splenic tissue

A

white pulp, red pulp, marginal zone

73
Q

consists of follicles with germinal centers (lymphocytes, macrophages, & dendritic cells)

A

white pulp

74
Q

region where arteries (passing thru germinal centers) are surrounded by aggregates of T lymphocytes

A

PALS (periarteriolar lymphatic sheath)

75
Q

interspersed along the periphery of the PALS

A

Lymphoid nodules

76
Q

lymphoid nodules contain primarily of?

A

B lymphocytes

77
Q

composed primarily of vascular tissues separated by cords of Billroth containing macrophages

A

red pulp

78
Q

surrounds the white pulp; forms a reticular meshwork containing blood vessels, macrophages, memory B cells and CD4+ T cells

A

marginal zone

79
Q

Two methods of senescent or abnormal RBC removal from circulation

A

culling, pitting

80
Q

cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles

A

culling

81
Q

splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from the circulating RBC

A

pitting

82
Q

approximately how many platelets are sequestered in the spleen

A

30%

83
Q

Enlarged, palpable spleen that occurs due to chronic leukemias, inherited membrane or enzyme defects in RBCs, hemoglobinopathies, Hodgkin disease, thalassemia, malaria, and the myeloproliferative disorders.

A

splenomegaly

84
Q

in splenomegaly, circulating platelets (increase/decrease)?

A

decreased

85
Q

in sickle cell anemia, repeated splenic infarcts caused by sickled RBCs trapped in the small-vessel circulation of the spleen cause tissue damage and necrosis, which often results in:

A

autosplenectomy

86
Q

Enlargement of the spleen resulting in some degree of pancytopenia despite the presence of a hyperactive bone marrow

A

hypersplenism

87
Q

May be beneficial in cases of excessive destruction of RBCs, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia when treatment with corticosteroids does not effectively suppress hemolysis or in severe hereditary spherocytosis

A

splenectomy

88
Q

in asplenic conditions, circulating platelets (increase/decrease)?

A

increased (thrombocytosis)

89
Q

Organs of the lymphatic system located along the lymphatic capillaries; Bean-shaped structure

A

Lymph nodes

90
Q

fluid portion of the blood that escapes into the connective tissue; Low protein concentration and no RBCs

A

Lymph

91
Q

lymph enters the lymph nodes in the:

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

92
Q

lymph exits the lymph nodes in the:

A

efferent lymphatic vessels

93
Q

region of the spleen

A

cortex, medulla

94
Q

the outer capsule of the lymph nodes forms trabeculae and divides it into:

A

follicles

95
Q

foci of activated B cell proliferation developed by some follicles after antigenic stimulation

A

germinal centers

96
Q

follicles with no germinal centers

A

primary follicles

97
Q

follicles with germinal centers

A

secondary follicles

98
Q

region of the spleen that consist primarily of plasma cells and B cells

A

medullary cords

99
Q

region in the lymph nodes between cortex and medulla that contains predominantly T cells and macrophages

A

paracortex

100
Q

functions of the lymph node

A
  • Site of lymphocyte proliferation
  • Initiation of the specific immune response to foreign antigens
  • Filter particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node
101
Q

infection of the lymph node

A

adenitis

102
Q

well-developed organ at birth

A

thymus

103
Q

the thymus is populated with:

A

primitive lymphoid cells from yolk sac & liver

104
Q

the waiting zone that is densely populated with progenitor T cells

A

cortex

105
Q

contains 15% mature T cells and is the holding zone for mature T cells

A

medulla

HEMATOLOGY (10 decks)

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