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HEMATOLOGY > 3. HEMATOPOIESIS PART 2 > Flashcards

3. HEMATOPOIESIS PART 2 Flashcards

1
Q

🖝 All blood cells are derived from single Pluripotent Hematopoietic stem cell
🖝 Most widely accepted

A

Monophyletic Theory

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2
Q

STEM CELL THEORIES

A

Monophyletic Theory
Polyphyletic Theory

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3
Q

Each of the blood cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell

A

Polyphyletic Theory

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4
Q

❖ capable of self-renewal
❖ have a high degree of proliferative capability
❖ pluripotent
❖ morphologically unrecognizable cells
❖ give rise to differentiated progenitor cells

A

Noncommitted or Undifferentiated Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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5
Q

❖ descendants of stem cells that can differentiate further into a specific cell lineage

❖ morphologically unrecognizable cells

A

Committed or Differentiated Progenitor Cells

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6
Q

Two types of Multilineage-specific Progenitor Cells

A
  1. Common Myeloid Progenitor
  2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor
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7
Q

CFU-GEMM

A

Granulocyte, erythrocyte, megakaryocyte, monocyte

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8
Q

CFU-E

A

Erythrocyte

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9
Q

CFU-Meg

A

Megakaryocyte

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10
Q

CFU-M

A

Monocyte

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11
Q

CFU-GM

A

Granulocyte, monocyte

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12
Q

CFU-Baso

A

Myeloid to basophil

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13
Q

CFU-Eo

A

Myeloid to eosinophil

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14
Q

CFU-G

A

Myeloid to neutrophil

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15
Q

CFU-pre-T

A

T lymphocyte

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16
Q

CFU-pre-B

A

B lymphocyte

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17
Q

❖ committed to forming a particular type of blood cell
❖ morphologically recognizable cells
❖ lineage-specific

A

Precursor Cells

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18
Q

MODEL OF HEMATOPOIESIS

A

❖ Pluripotent HSCs → Common Myeloid Progenitor → Granulocytic, Monocytic, Erythrocytic, Megakaryocytic Lineage

❖ Pluripotent HSCs → Common Lymphoid Progenitor → T, B, NK-Lymphocytes, Dendritic Lineages

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19
Q

Stem Cell Markers Lymphoid & Myeloid Precursors

A

CD 34

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20
Q

Stem Cell Markers Committed Myeloid Progenitor

A

CD 33 & CD38

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21
Q

Stem Cell Markers Committed Lymphoid Progenitors

A

CD 10 & CD 38

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22
Q

Stem Cell Markers T-lymphoid Progenitor cells

A

CD 7

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23
Q

Stem Cell Markers B-lymphoid Progenitor Cells

A

CD 19

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24
Q

THREE POSSIBLE FATES OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL

A

❖ Self-renewal
❖ Differentiation
❖ Apoptosis

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25
Q

🖝 HSCs divide → 2 identical daughter cells → both daughter cells leave the stem cell pool → undergo differentiation

A

Symmetric Division

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26
Q

🖝 HSCs divide → 2 identical daughter cells → 1 daughter cell remains in the stem cell pool | 1 daughter cell leaves the stem cell pool → undergo differentiation

A

Asymmetric Division

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27
Q

 HSCs divide → 2 identical daughter cells → undergo apoptosis

A

Apoptosis

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28
Q

THEORIES ON THE FATE OF THE STEM CELL

A

❖ Stochastic Model
❖ Instructive Model

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29
Q

who proposed Stochastic Model

A

Till and McCulloch

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30
Q

🖝 HSC randomly commits to self-renewal or differentiation model

A

❖ Stochastic Model (Till and McCulloch)

31
Q

🖝 Microenvironment in the BM determines whether the HSC will self-renew or differentiate model

A

❖ Instructive Model

32
Q

MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR AS CELL DIFFERENTIATES AND MATURES

A

Overall decrease in cell volume and decrease in the ratio of nucleus and cytoplasm (N:C ratio)

33
Q

Changes in the nucleus [as the cell matures]

A
  • Loss of nucleoli
  • ↓ diameter of nucleus
  • Condensation of nuclear chromatin
  • Shape of nucleus
  • Loss of nucleus
34
Q

❖ Changes in the cytoplasm [as cell matures]

A
  • ↓ in basophilia
  • ↑ proportion of cytoplasm
  • Possible appearance of granules in the cytoplasm
35
Q

SIGNALS FROM THE HEMATOPOIETIC INDUCTIVE MICROENVIRONMENT

A

❖ Intrinsic Factors
❖ Extrinsic Factors
❖ Regulatory Signaling Factors

36
Q

regulation involves genes

A

Intrinsic Factors

37
Q

expressed in the cells in the hemangioblast

A

TAL1 (encodes T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1)

38
Q

bipotential progenitor cell of mesodermal origin)

A

hemangioblast

39
Q

expressed in late-appearing HSCs

A

GATA2

40
Q

essential for primitive and definitive hematopoiesis

A

TAL1 and GATA2

41
Q

regulation involves growth factors/cytokines

A

Extrinsic Factors

42
Q

🖝 Allow HSCs to respond to hematopoietic inductive microenvironment

A

Regulatory Signaling Factors

43
Q

Regulatory Signaling Factors examples

A
  • Notch-1
  • Notch-2
44
Q

group of specific glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation and maturation of hematopoietic precursor cells

A

HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS OR CYTOKINES

45
Q

Cytokines include:

A

interleukins (ILs)
lymphokines
monokines
interferons
chemokines
colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

46
Q

Cytokines that exert positive influence (stimulatory)

A
  • KIT ligand
  • FLT3 ligand
  • GM-CSF
  • IL-1
  • IL-3
  • IL-6
  • IL-11
47
Q

Cytokines that exert negative influence (inhibitory)

A
  • Growth factor-β
  • Tumor necrosis factor- (alpha)
  • Interferons
48
Q

Roles of Cytokines

A
  1. Inhibit apoptosis
  2. Stimulate cells to divide by ↓ the transit time from G0 to G1 of the cell cycle
  3. Regulate cell differentiation into the various cell lineages
49
Q

 Programmed cell death
 Natural physiologic process
 Eliminates unwanted, abnormal or harmful cells
 When cells do not receive the appropriate cytokines necessary to prevent cell death, __________ is initiated

A

Apoptosis

50
Q

COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS

A

GM-CSF
M-CSF
G-CSF

51
Q

stimulates formation of CFU-GM (colony-forming unit for granulocyte & monocyte/macrophage also known as Granulocyte-Monocyte Progenitor)

A

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor)

52
Q

stimulates formation of CFU-M (colony-forming unit- monocyte)

A

M-CSF (Macrophage-Stimulating Factor)

53
Q

stimulates formation of CFU-G (colony-forming unit- granulocyte)

A

G-CSF (Granulocyte-Stimulating Factor)

54
Q

EARLY-ACTING MULTILINEAGE GROWTH FACTORS

A

❖ KIT Ligand (Stem Cell Factor)
❖ FLT3 Ligand

55
Q
  • Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase expressed on HSCs
  • Downregulated with differentiation
A

❖ KIT Ligand (Stem Cell Factor)

🖝 Receptor: KIT

56
Q

❖ Protein molecules that regulate hematopoiesis

❖ They have synergistic interactions with other cytokines to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of specific cell lines

❖ Effective at very low concentrations

A

INTERLEUKINS

57
Q

LINEAGE-SPECIFIC HEMATOPOIESIS

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS
LEUKOPOIESIS
MEGAKARYOPOIESIS

58
Q

Production of erythrocytes

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

59
Q

ERYTHROPOIESIS process

A

Pluripotent HSC → Common Myeloid Progenitor/CFU-GEMM → BFU-E → CFU-E → Erythroid Precursor Cells → Mature erythrocytes

60
Q

contains few receptors for EPO

A

Burst-Forming Unit – Erythroid (BFU-E)

61
Q

contains many receptors for EPO

A

Colony-Forming Unit – Erythroid (CFU-E)

62
Q

🖝 Lineage-specific glycoprotein hormone produced specifically by the peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

63
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) produced specifically where

A

peritubular interstitial cells of the kidney

small amount in liver

64
Q

Stimulus for production and secretion of EPO:

A

oxygen availability in the kidneys

 ↓ oxygen → ↑ EPO production

65
Q

EPO Stimulates RBC production by

A
  1. Recruitment of CFU-E from BFU-E
  2. Preventing apoptosis of erythroid progenitors
  3. Inducing hemoglobin synthesis
66
Q

Production of leukocytes

A

LEUKOPOIESIS

67
Q

LEUKOPOIESIS Two Major Categories

A

Myelopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis

68
Q

production of monocytes and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophil, eosinophil)

A

Myelopoiesis

69
Q

production of lymphocytes

A

Lymphopoiesis

70
Q

Production of megakaryocytes

A

MEGAKARYOPOIESIS

71
Q

MEGAKARYOPOIESIS process

A

Pluripotent HSC → CMP/CFU-GEMM → Megakaryocyte progenitors (Burst-Forming Unit-Meg/BFU-Meg → CFU- Meg → Light Density-CFU-Meg/LD-CFU-Meg) → Precursor cells → Platelets

72
Q

senses oxygen in acute hypoxia, and produces appropriate responses such as increases in breathing, replenishing oxygen from air. Senses when EPO is needed

A

Primary oxygen sensing system

73
Q

Production of platelets

A

THROMBOPOIESIS

HEMATOLOGY (6 decks)

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