4. Economic change

Question 1

Consequences of losing traditional industries in urban areas

Answer 1

Many cities in Western Europe and North America have seen industries close that have been around since after the industrial revolution and that have become part of the fabric of society.
This has led to a number of consequences, both positive and negative.

Question 2

Causes of deindustrialisation

Answer 2

Comparative advantages sees manufacturing industry relocate to Asia
Recession
Exhaustion/rising prices of raw materials
Loss of government subsidies
Changing environmental laws
Declining markets/demand for products

Question 3

Consequences of decline in industrialisation

Answer 3

Factories close and businesses move out to the suburbs and urban-rural fringe

Unemployment

Shops and services close. Retail moves out to the suburbs

Further unemployment

Migration and poverty. People move out to the suburbs

Decline

Question 4

What are the ECONOMIC problems of the inner city?

Answer 4

Lack of investment
Decline in industry and increase in unemployment
Decline in trade

Question 5

What are the SOCIAL problems of the inner city?

Answer 5

Segregation
Housing
Unemployment
Decentralisation of the population
Culture of poverty

Question 6

What are the ENVIRONMENTAL problems of the inner city?

Answer 6

Run down derelict environment
Pollution
Urban landscape

Question 7

What is social exclusion ?

Answer 7

Social exclusion is a complex and multi-dimensional process. It involves the lack or denial of resources, rights, goods and services, and the inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities, available to the majority of people in a society, whether in economic, social, cultural or political arenas

Question 8

Lower Pollution Levels

Answer 8

As heavy industry closes in urban areas, fewer pollutants are released, leading to higher quality land, air and water within the city.

Question 9

Clean Air Act 1956

Answer 9

With a concerned population asking questions, the UK Government introduced the Clean Air Act in 1956. This introduced smokeless zones — where only smokeless fuels could be burnt — to help control the smoke and particles released into the atmosphere.