4⃣ Demography 2) Reasons For The Fall In Birth Rate Flashcards

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0
Q

How is changes in the position of women a reason for the fall in birth rate

A

⚫️increased educational opportunities

⚫️more women working

⚫️changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role

⚫️easier access to divorce

⚫️access to abortion and contraception

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1
Q

What are the four reasons of the fall in birth rate

A

⚫️changes in the position of women

⚫️fall in the infant mortality rate

⚫️children as an economic liability

⚫️child-centerdness

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2
Q

Explain how the factors of changes in the position of women affect the birth rate

A

⚫️educated women
➡️see other possibilities in life
➡️apart from traditional housewife role and mother

➡️many choosing to delay childbearing
➡️or not having children at all
➡️in order to pursue a career

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3
Q

What are the reasons for the fall in the infant mortality rate

A

➡️improved housing
➡️mothers knowledge of hygiene and child health
➡️health services for mothers and children

⚫️medical factors
➡️did not play much party until 1950s
➡️when IMR began to fall
➡️due to mass immunisation, antibiotics, improved midwifery

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4
Q

How is the fall in the infant mortality rate a reason for the fall in birth rate

A

⚫️IMR is the number of infants
➡️who die before their first birthday
➡️per 1000 babies born alive, per year

⚫️IMR fallen greatly in the last century
➡️1900-154
➡️2007- 5

⚫️a fall in IMR
➡️cause a fall in birth rate
➡️if infants survive, parents will have fewer of them

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5
Q

How is children as an economic liability a reason for the fall in birth rate

A

⚫️until 19th century
➡️children were economic assets
➡️they went to work from an early age

➡️now they’re an economic liability:

⚫️laws banning child labour
➡introducing compulsory schooling
➡️mean they remain economically dependent for longer

⚫️changing norms
➡️about children’s right
➡️to a high standard of living
➡️raises their costs

➡️this means parents unable to afford large family

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6
Q

How is child centredness a reason for the fall in birth rate

A
⚫️childhood now socially constructed 
➡️as a uniquely important period 
➡️ this led to a shift from
➡️quantity to quality:
➡️parent now have fewer children
➡️more attention and resources on the few
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7
Q

What are the effects of a falling birth rate

A

⚫️lower birth rate and fertility rate
➡️have several effects on the family and society

➡️having fewer children
➡️women freer to go out to work
➡️creating dual earner couple

⚫️the dependency ratio

⚫️public services

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8
Q

️Describe the dependency ratio

A

⚫️dependency ratio
➡️relationship between size of the working population
➡️and size of the non-working population

⚫️the working populations earning and taxes
➡️support the dependent population

⚫️children are a large part of the dependent population
➡️so fewer children
➡️reduces the burden of dependency
➡️on working population

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9
Q

Describe the public services

A

⚫️fewer school and child health services may be needed
➡️less needs to be spent on maternity and paternity leave

⚫️however there are political decision
➡️government can choose either
➡️reduce number of school
➡️smaller class sizes

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