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Psychiatry Module 2 & 4 > 4: Childhood Models > Flashcards

4: Childhood Models Flashcards

0
Q

The first 2 weeks of the prenatal period is called:

A

Germinal period

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1
Q

What are the stages of early development?

A 
Prenatal period
Infancy 
Toddler period
Preschool period
Middle years
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2
Q

Period of the embryo is in what weeks?

A

3 to 7 weeks

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3
Q

The third period of the prenatal period is called what?

A

Period of the fetus (8 weeks to birth)

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4
Q

The most rapid growth of the entire life span occurs during the:

A

Germinal period

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5
Q

The division of the zygote during the germinal period:

A

One-celled zygote dibide into 2 separate cells -> 4 -> 8 -> 16 -> multicelled organism

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6
Q

When would the implantation occur?

A

One week after conception

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7
Q

Describe the 2 directions of growth.

A
  1. Cephalo-caudal : from head downward

2. Proximo-distal : from center (spine) toward the extremeties

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8
Q

Which has a more global impact, damage at the fetal stage or damage after birth?

A

Damage at the fetal stage (bec rapidly growing organs are most vulnerable)

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9
Q

Who are more vulnerable to developmental damage?

A

Boys

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10
Q

Fetal movements are detected during which weeks?

A

16-20 weeks

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11
Q

If bright light is flashed on the abdominal wall at the __th week the fetal rate and position will change.

A

20th week

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12
Q

Reflex present at 25 weeks:

A

Moro (startle) reflex

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13
Q

The grasp reflex appears at what week?

A

17th week

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14
Q

The sucking reflex can be seen at what week?

A

28th week

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15
Q

True or false: Mothers with high levels of stress are more likely to have babies who are hyperactive, irritable, low birth weight & have problems feeding and sleeping.

A

TRUE

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16
Q

Marks the most dramatic transition of te entire life span.

A

Birth

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17
Q

The period from birth to 15 months:

A

Infancy

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18
Q

3 developmental landmarks during infancy:

A

Physical development
Language & cognitive development
Emotional & social development

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19
Q

Reflexes at birth are critical because:

A
  • Helps newborn maintain constant body temperature
  • ensure adequate nourishment (sucking, rooting, swallowing,crying)
  • maintain adequate supply of O2 (breathing reflex, hiccups, sneeze, sit-ups)
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20
Q

True or false: size, shape and skills change daily.

A

TRUE

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21
Q

True or false: growth do not follow the same orderly sequence as prenatal growth.

A

FALSE

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22
Q

Head of newborn comprises about ____ of his totak length.

A

1/4

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23
Q

Between how many inches during the first weeks of life do baby focus?

A

7-10 inches away

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24
Q

Distance vision of newborn:

A

20/600

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25
Q

True false: newborn babies’ distance vision is 20/150.

A

FALSE

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26
Q

Distance vision of 4-month old babies:

A

20/150

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27
Q

At what age do infants distinguish faces and show definite preference for happy expressions over others?

A

6 months

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28
Q

True or false: The vision of a newborn is blurry but hearing is well developed.

A

TRUE

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29
Q

True or false: the lower part of the body is controlled first before the upper part.

A

FALSE

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30
Q

Treo or false: The arms are controlled before the hands and fingers are.

A

TRUE

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31
Q

True or false: infants have transformed reflexes into voluntary actions at the end of infancy.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

True or false: Those who walk early are smarter than those who walk late.

A

FALSE

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33
Q

Describe the language and cognitive development from birth to eight weeks.

A

Birth: noises

8 weeks: babbling

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34
Q

What are the critical achievements accdg to Jean Piaget?

A

Object permanence

Symbolization

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35
Q

When reality and fantasy are not yet fully differentiated.

A

Dreams

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36
Q

When do imitative behaviors start?

A

By the age of 3 weeks

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37
Q

What is the precursor of infant’s emotional life?

A

Imitative behavior

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38
Q

2 phases of smiling:

A

Endogenous smiling

Exogenous smiling

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39
Q

Smiling that occurs within the first 2 months and is unrelated to external stimulation.

A

Endogenous smiling

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40
Q

Smiling that is stimulated from the outside and occurs by the 16th week.

A

Exogenous smiling

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41
Q

The emotion/expression present at birth.

A

Pleasure
Surprise
Disgust
Distress

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42
Q

At why age will an infant feel joy? Anger?

A

Joy: 1 & 1/2 mos

Anger/ 3-4 mos

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43
Q

What emotion is developed by 8-9mos?

A

Sadness and fear

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44
Q

The emotional capacity & expression developed at 1-1 & 1/2 years?

A

Tender affection

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45
Q

How many behavioral dimensions are there accdg to Stella Chess and Alexander Thomas? (Temperenebtal differences) Name these dimensions.

A 
There are 9.
Activity level
Rhythmicity
Approach or withdrawal
Adaptibility
Intensity of reaction 
Threshold of responsiveness
Quality of mood
Distractibility
Attention span and persistence
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46
Q

It is the motor component present in a given child’s functioning.

A

Activity level

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47
Q

The predictability of functions like hunger, feeding pattern, elimination, and the sleep-wake cycle.

A

Rhythmicity

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48
Q

The response to a new stimulus.

A

Approach or withdrawal

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49
Q

What pertains to the speed and ease with which a current behavior can be modified in terms to the environment?

A

Adaptibility

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50
Q

Some babies laugh when they’re happy and howl when angry. What behavioral dimension does this pertain to?

A

Intensity of reaction

51
Q

The amount of energy used in a mood expression.

A

Intensity of reaction

52
Q

What do you call the stimulation intensity required to evoke a response to sensory stimuli, objects or social contact?

A

Threshold of responsiveness

53
Q

Pleasant, joyful and friendly vs unpleasant, crying and unfriendly behavior.

A

Quality of mood

54
Q

Babies eat, sleep, and defecate on schedule almost from birth. What behavioral dimension is this?

A

Rhythmicity

55
Q

Give the behavioral dimension of this situation: the 1st spoonful of cereal is gobbled up by one baby & spit out by the next.

A

Approach or withdrawal

56
Q

Some babies kick a lot in the uterus before they are born, others much less. Behavioral dimension?

A

Activity level

57
Q

Some babies quickly adjust to change, others are unhappy at every disruption. Behavioral dimension?

A

Adaptability

58
Q

Awareness or unawareness of bright lights, street noises or wet diapers. Behavioral dimension?

A

Threshold of responsiveness

59
Q

When almost anything makes the baby smile, what behavior dimension is this?

A

Quality of mood

60
Q

What is the effectiveness of extraneous environmental stimuli interfering/altering direction of ongoing behavior?

A

Distractibility

61
Q

When the baby forgets that their diapers are being changed because someone hands them a toy is what behavioral dimension?

A

Distractability

62
Q

It is the length of time a particular activity is pursued.

A

Attention span

63
Q

The continuation of an activity in the face of obstacles.

A

Persistence

64
Q

The relationship the baby develops with his caregiver is called?

A

Attachment

65
Q

Intense emotional & psychological relationship relationship between mother and baby:

A

Bonding

66
Q

Who did the experiment on social learning & effects of isolation in monkeys?

A

Harry Harlow

67
Q

In Harlow’s experiment, he placed newborn rhesus monkeys w/ 2 types of surrogate mothers, what are these 2 types? And which was preferred?

A
  1. Wire-mesh surrogate w/ feeding bottle

2. Wire-mesh surrogate covered w/ terry cloth (preferred)

68
Q

True or False: In Harlow’s experiment, both types were able to adjust in the monkey colony life.

A

FALSE (bec they had difficulty learning to mate and the females failed to mother their young)

69
Q

Who stated that early separation of infants from their mothers had severe negative effects on the emotional and intellectual dev?

A

John Bowlby

70
Q

Who expanded Bowlby’s observations by observing sensitive responsiveness to infant signals and growth of self reliance?

A

Mary Ainsworth

71
Q

The baby signals for his/her mother for bodily contact is called:

A

Self-reliance

72
Q

True or false: Unresponsive mother produce anxious babies.

A

TRUE

73
Q

When a child moves away from an attachment figure to explore the environment, _______ is established.

A

Secured base effect

74
Q

What are the main determinants of secure attachment?

A

Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness

75
Q

True or false: Male infants are more likely to have secure attachments and are less vulnerable to changes in maternal sensitivity.

A

FALSE

76
Q

When is stranger anxiety and separation anxiety observed?

A

Stranger anxiety: 8 months

Separation anxiety: 10-18 months

77
Q

Under infant care, this refers to how well the mother/father relates to the newborn:

A

Parental fit

78
Q

Around how many percent are considered to be difficult children?

A

10%

79
Q

True or false: easy children are 40% of all children, flexible, regular in eating and sleeping & easily comforted.

A

TRUE

80
Q

The harmonious interaction between mother & child in their motivations, capacities & styles of behavior.

A

Goodness of fit

81
Q

Poornes of fit will most likely lead to what?

A

Distorted development

Maladaptive functioning

82
Q

The toddler period is considered to be from:

A

15 months to 2 & 1/2 years

83
Q

When a child is marked by accelerated motor development and ability to walk gives control over their own actions:

A

Physical dev during TODDLER PERIOD

84
Q

True or false: toddlers learn to say YES before they learn to say NO.

A

FALSE

85
Q

At what age do you first feel shame?

A

1 & 1/2 years

86
Q

At what age do you first feel pride?

A

2 years old

87
Q

Child looks to parents & others for emotional cues about how to respond to novel events:

A

Social referencing (toddler period)

88
Q

At what period is the unshakeable conviction of being male or female present?

A

Toddler period
Begins at 1&1/2 years
Fixed by 2 to 2&1/2 years

89
Q

Describe the sphincter control and sleep during the toddler period:

A

Daytime urination control is completed by 2&1/2 years, fear of the dark, takes 30mins to fall asleep, sleep about 12hrs a day w/ 2hr nap

90
Q

The period between 2&1/2 to 6 years:

A

Preschool period

91
Q

When do children reach half their adult height?

A

Between 2 & 3 years of age

92
Q

How many baby teeth are initially present?

A

20 baby teeth

93
Q

The equivalent of toddler period in Piaget’s stage is:

A

Sensorimotor stage

94
Q

Piaget’s preoperational thought (in which thinking and reasoning are intuitive) is equivalent to what period?

A

Preschool period

95
Q

When do disturbing dreams peak?

A

At 3, 6 and 10 years

96
Q

By what age do you realize that dreams are not real?

A

Age 5

97
Q

At 4yrs old the child understands that dreams are:

A

Unique to each individual (unlike when age 3 & he believes dreams are shared)

98
Q

At what age is the dream content about being killed/injured, flying, being in cars and ghosts?

A

5 or 6 years

99
Q

What are the dream contents of a 4 year old child?

A

Animal dreams

People who protect or destroy

100
Q

True or false: A 2-year old dreams of being bitten or chased.

A

TRUE

101
Q

By 3-4 years old what emotion is felt? For 5-6?

A

3-4 yrs: guilt, envy

5-6 yrs: insecurity, humility and confidence

102
Q

What is the preoccupation with illness or injury?

A

Band-aid phase

103
Q

True or false: At the preschool eriod, emotions are still easily influenced by somatic events. (Eg. Tiredness & hunger)

A

TRUE

104
Q

Conscience is established by the end of what period?

A

Preschool period

105
Q

What can test the capacity for further cooperation and sharing?

A

Sibling rivalry (in preschool period)

106
Q

Ability to distinguish reality from fantasy and behavior in thus reflects level of social development:

A

Play

107
Q

True or false: Pretend games do not help test real-life situations.

A

FALSE

108
Q

Give the type of play for each age:

2&1/2 to 3 yrs; 3 yrs; 4 yrs.

A

2&1/2 to 3yrs: Parallel play
3 yrs: Associative play
4 yrs: Cooperative play

109
Q

The type of play with real interactions and in which taking turns become possible.

A

Cooperative play

110
Q

Solitary play alongside another child with no interaction between them.

A

Parallel play

111
Q

Playing with the same toys in pairs or small groups but with no real interaction.

A

Associative play

112
Q

During the preschool period, these relieve loneliness and reduce anxiety esp in children w/ above average intelligence.

A

Imaginary companions

113
Q

When will the imaginary companion disappear?

A

By age 12

114
Q

True or false: Heavy TV watching appears to interfere with a preschooler’s learning to read

A

TRUE

115
Q

Middle years is between the ages:

A

6 to 12 years

116
Q

Give significant physical development of a child in his/her middle years:

A

Improved gross motor coordination
Write fluently & draw artistically
Capable of complex motor tasks & activities

117
Q

True or false: During the middle years, fantasy would still tend to dominate logical exploration.

A

FALSE

118
Q

The middle years is the equivalent to Piaget’s stage of concrete operations which would have what critical achievements:

A

Conservation

Reversibility

119
Q

By what age does a child know that he/she creates their dreams themselves?

A

Age 7

120
Q

In what period does the same-sex parent develop a special relationship with the child and serve as a role model?

A

Middle years

121
Q

By age 9 or 10 what emotional capacities are developed?

A 
Empathy and concern
Love
Compassion
Sharing
(Thus capacity for long-term, stable relationships)
122
Q

Define the Chum period.

A

Accdg to Harry Stack Sullivan, the child prefers close same-sex relationship with a chum or buddy.

123
Q

Describe the PET scan of an abused brain.

A

Temporal lobes are nearly quiescent thus suffering emotional & cognitive problems.

124
Q

At birth what are the fully functional organs?

A

Primitive structures such as the brain stem

Psychiatry Module 2 & 4 (5 decks)

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