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Psychiatry Module 2 & 4 > 2: Neurological basis of human behavior > Flashcards

2: Neurological basis of human behavior Flashcards

0
Q

What alters the ion concentration within the membrane and activates the 2nd messenger cascade?

A

passage of calcium

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1
Q

Polarized, elongated cells capable of instantaneous, intracellular communication

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What do you call the instantaneous pulses of membrane depolarization?

A

Action potential

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3
Q

It increases the rate of action potential along the axon

A

Myelin sheath

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4
Q

Receptors of gray matter

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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5
Q

Receptors of white matter

A

Myelinated axon tracts

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6
Q

Responsible for regulation of extracellular environment

A

Glial cells

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7
Q

Ensure the synaptic communication and regulate extracellular ion concentrations

A

Astrocytes

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8
Q

What triggers the release of chemical neurotransmitters? Where would it enter?

A

Action potential, the synaptic cleft

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9
Q

What serves as insulator in the fiber tracts?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

What do you call the immune system cells?

A

Microglia

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11
Q

It refers to the local organization of neurons

A

Cytoarchitecture

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12
Q

How many columnar organizations acquire specific function? (Cytoarchitecture)

A

47 areas

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13
Q

Sensory receptors functions as what?

A

Transducers

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14
Q

True or false: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

A

TRUE

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15
Q

True or false: the lower centers inhibit the higher centers

A

FALSE

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16
Q

What comprises the nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor systems, and the associated units

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17
Q

What system processes external stimuli into neuronal impulses?

A

Sensory system

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18
Q

It enables people to manipulate the environment and to influence others’ behavior through communication

A

Motor system

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19
Q

It creates an internal representation of the external world

A

Sensory system

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20
Q

Where are the sensory inputs integrated w/ internal drive and emotional stimuli?

A

Associated units

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21
Q

This is where the emotional stimuli drive the actions of the motor units

A

Associated units

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22
Q

What is the basic unit of behavior?

A

Reflex arc

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23
Q

What comprises the reflex arc?

A 
Receptor
Sensory/affernet neuron
Synapse in the CNS
Motor/efferent neuron
Effector
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24
Q

Sensory inputs

A

Auditory, gustatory, visual, olfactory, tactile

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25
Q

Responsible for the basis of reasoned thought

A

Sensory system

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26
Q

State of heightened suggestibility

A

Hypnosis

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27
Q

The corpus striatum is comprosed of:

A

Caudate and putamen

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28
Q

Gross distortions of perception of any sensory modality and may depend on person’s goals and emotional state

A

Hypnosis

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29
Q

Produce gross coordinated movements of the entire body

A

Brainstem

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30
Q

Controls fine movements and dominates the brainstem

A

Corticospinal tract

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31
Q

Where is the motor strip (for planned movements) located?

A

Posterior frontal lobe

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32
Q

Subcorticate matter that mediates postural tone

A

Basal ganglia

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33
Q

What are the four distinct ganglia? (w/in basal ganglia)

A

Striatum
Pallidum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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34
Q

Decreased activation of corpus striatum

A

OCD behavior

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35
Q

Gate keeper that allows the motor system to perform only goal-oriented acts

A

Corpus striatum

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36
Q

Overactivity of the corpus striatum is due to what?

A

Lack of dopaminergic inhibition

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37
Q

An inability to initiate movements due to overactivity of the striatum

A

Bradykinesia

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38
Q

Receives inputs from the corpus striatum and project fibers into thalamus

A

Globus pallidus

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39
Q

Yields ballistic movement and sudden limb jerks

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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40
Q

Where melanin pigment can be seen

A

Substantia nigra

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41
Q

Degenerates into Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra

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42
Q

Capable of initiating and maintaining the full range of useful movements

A

Nuclei of basal ganglia

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43
Q

3 main processing blocks of the association cortex (basic organization of the brain)

A

Posterior cortex
Frontal cortex
Brainstem and the thalamic reticular activating system

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44
Q

One of the nucleus of the limbic system that receives fibers from all sensory areas

A

Amygdala

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45
Q

How are the primary sensory cortices for touch,vision,hearing,smell and taste represented? (Hemispheric lateralizarion)

A

Bilaterally

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46
Q

Responsible for generating and modifying memories and for assigning emotional weight to sensory and recalled experience

A

Limbic system

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47
Q

Generates programs and executes plans (highest level)

A

Frontal cortex

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48
Q

Integrates perception and generates language

A

Posterior cortex

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49
Q

Gate for the assignment of emotional significance to memories

A

Amygdala

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50
Q

Occipital lobe is responsible for what two functions?

A

Vision

Visual perception

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51
Q

Tactile sensation, visuospatial function, reading and calculation are functions of what lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

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52
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for:

A 
Audition
Language comprehension
Sensory prosody
Memory
Emotion
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53
Q

Voluntary movement, language production, motor prosody, comportment, executive functions and motivation are functions of what lobe?

A

Frontal lobe

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54
Q

Language production is a function of:

A

Frontal lobe

55
Q

What causes changes in personality?

A

Bilateral lesions

56
Q

Slowed thinking, poor judgement, decreased curiosity, social withdrawal and irritability are symptoms of:

A

Frontal lobe syndrome

57
Q

Causes of frontal lobe syndrome:

A

Trauma, infarcts, tumors, lobotomy, multiple sclerosis, Pick’s disease

58
Q

Apathy to sudden impulsive disinhibition

A

Frontal lobe syndrome

59
Q

Establishment and maintenance of awake state

A

Arousal

60
Q

Absence of arousal will lead to:

A

Stupor and coma

61
Q

Skill of maintaining a coherent line of thought:

A

Attention

62
Q

Attention is maintained by what lobe?

A

Right frontal lobe

63
Q

Brain regions of arousal:

A

Brainstem
ARAS
Cortex

64
Q

It sets the level of consciousness:

A

Within brainstem-ARAS

65
Q

Major causes of confusion:

A 
Infectious
Metabolic
Toxic (drugs)
Vascular (stroke, SAH) 
Neoplastic
Traumatic (brain injury)
66
Q

Metabolic causes of confusion are:

A

Hypoxia
Hypoglycemia
Uremia
Hepatic disease

67
Q

Implicit in the concept of attention and ability to follow train of thought, functions over a period of seconds:

A

Immediate memory

68
Q

Ability to store information and relate to cognitive information:

A

Working memory (categorized under recent memory)

69
Q

Applies on the scale of minutes to days

A

Recent memory

70
Q

Encompasses months to years:

A

Remote memory

71
Q

Rates the emotional importance of an experience and to activate the level of hippocampal activity:

A

Amygdala

72
Q

What lobe houses the hippocampus?

A

Medial temporal lobe

73
Q

Significant site for formation and storage of immediate and revent memories:

A

Hippocampus

74
Q

What side of the hippocampus is for non-verbal memories?

A

Right

75
Q

The side of hippocampus efficient for forming verbal memories:

A

Left

76
Q

What lobe is for the memorized motor acts?

A

Median temporal lobe

77
Q

The left parietal cortex is responsible for:

A

Highly skilled acts

78
Q

For formation of memory (dorsal medial nucleus of thalamus and mamillary bodies)

A

Diencephalon

79
Q

Causes of amnesia:

A

Alcoholism, seizures, migraine, drugs, vitamin deficiencies, trauma, stroke, tumor infections, degenerative disorder

80
Q

Degeneration of neurons and replacement by senile plaques; most common memory disorder.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

81
Q

Impaired language comprehension and visuospatial organization in Alzheimer’s disease would affect what lobe?

A

Parietal lobe

82
Q

What disease is characterized by severe inability to form new memories and inability to recall and more common in chronic alcoholics due to thiamine deficiency?

A

Korsakoff’s syndrome

83
Q

True or false: The dominant hemisphere for language directs the dominant hand.

A

TRUE

84
Q

This can clearly demonstrate the hemispheric localization of function:

A

Language

85
Q

Name the 3 levels for language comprehension processing:

A

Phonological processing
Lexical processing
Semantic processing

86
Q

It connects the words to their meaning:

A

Semantic processing

87
Q

For individual sounds:

A

Phonological processing

88
Q

Matches the phonological input with recognized words:

A

Lexical processing

89
Q

It is derived from the basic drives: feeding, sex, pleasure, pain, fear and aggression.

A

Emotion

90
Q

Where are the other distict human emotions, like affection, pride, guilt, pity, envy, and resentment, learned and represented?

A

In the cortex

91
Q

True or false: The interplay of emotions is far beyond the understanding of neuroanatomists.

A

TRUE

92
Q

What hemisphere houses the analytical mind? (Hemispheric dichotomy of emotional representation)

A

Left hemisphere

93
Q

What appears dominant for affect, socialization and body image? (Hemispheric dichotomy)

A

Right hemisphere

94
Q

Appears to lift the mood (hemispheric dichotomy)

A

Left prefrontal cortex

95
Q

What causes depression? (Hemispheric dichotomy)

A

Right prefrontal cortex

96
Q

What houses the emotional association areas which directs the hippocampus to express motor and endocrine components of the emotional state?

A

Limbic system

97
Q

The hippocampus, fornix, mamillary bodies, anterior nucleus of thalamus and cingulate gyrus are part of:

A

Limbic system: papez circuit (1937)

98
Q

What do you call the study of the chemical interneuronal communication and the translation of the action potential into chemical neurotransmission?

A

Neurophysiology and neurochemistry

99
Q

It is the process involving the release of a neurotransmitters by one neuron and the binding of the neurotransmitter molecule to a receptor on another neuron.

A

Chemical neurotransmission

100
Q

What do anti-psychotics do?

A

Block D2

101
Q

What do anti-depressants do?

A

Increase the amount of serotonin or norepinephrine

102
Q

GABA receptors are classified as what?

A

Ion-channel linked receptor

103
Q

Chemical signals that flow between neurons:

A

Neurotransmitters

104
Q

Happens between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes in which NT concentrations in synaptic cleft are regulated by feedback inhibition of NT release.

A

Synapse

105
Q

Synthesis of all NT (except peptide NT w/c is synthesized in cell bodies) that is influenced by Ca+ influx, CAMP levels and circulating hormones

A

Presynaptic components

106
Q

What causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane?

A

excitatory NT

107
Q

NT receptors are the sites of action for many psychotherapeutic and psychoactive drugs

A

Postsynaptic components

108
Q

What is the principal function of the postsynaptic components?

A

To alter the electrical transmembrane potential and inc or dec the likelihood of AP

109
Q

The sensitivity of receptors is influenced by the following:

A
  • # of receptors present
  • The affinity of the receptor for the NT
  • Efficiency w/ which the binding of NT to receptor is translated as intraneuronal message
110
Q

Where are the biogenic amines (eg.dopamine,epinephrine,serotonin,ACH,histamine) synthesized?

A

Axon terminal

111
Q

What is the amino acid precursor of serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

112
Q

What is the AA precursor of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine

113
Q

3 most important dopaminergic tracts:

A
  • nigrostriatal tract
  • mesolimbic-mesocortical tract
  • tuberoinfundibular tract
114
Q

In this tract, the cell bodies are in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum

A

Nigrostriatal tract

115
Q

Tract in which the cell bodies are in the ventral tegmental area adjacent to the SN, CC and LS and mediate effects of anti-psychotic drugs:

A

Mesolimbic-mesocortical tract

116
Q

Tract in which the arcuate nucleus and the periventricular area of hypothalamus and project to the infundibulum and anterior pituitary

A

Tuberoinfundibular tract

117
Q

What are the dietary variations of low and high tryptophan (serotonin)?

A

LOW: irritability, hunger
HIGH: sleep, relieve anxiety, increase sense of well-being

118
Q

Contain the building blocks of protein

A

Amino acid

119
Q

Acts as a release-inhibiting factor of prolactin in the anterior pituitary:

A

Dopamine

120
Q

Refers to the chemical bod between carboxylic acid group and the amino group of adjacent amino acids in a protein:

A

Peptide

121
Q

True or false: peptides differ from other neurotransmitters.

Why?

A

TRUE. Because they are manufactured in the cell bodies and not in the axon terminal.

122
Q

Inhibitory amino acid:

A

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid); monocarboxylic amino acid

123
Q

Amino acids in the brain:

A

Glutamate and aspartate

124
Q

Excitatory amino acid:

A

Glutamate; dicarboxylic amino acid

125
Q

What are the two major amino acids?

A

Glutamate and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

126
Q

AA synthesized from glucose and glutamine in the presynaptic neuron terminals and stored in the synaptic vesicles:

A

Glutamate

127
Q

The glutamate receptor that plays an essential role in learning and memory and psychopathology:

A

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor

128
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in cerbellar granule cells, striatum and cells of hippocampus?

A

Glutamate

129
Q

What stimulates the release of glutamate?

A

Nicotine

130
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter in intrinsic neurons that function as local mediators for the inhibitory feedback loops?

A

GABA

131
Q

True or false: GABA crosses the blood-brain barrier.

A

FALSE

132
Q

GABA is found most exclusively in the:

A

Central nervous system

133
Q

GABA is synthesized from glutamate by what rate-limiting enzyme and cofactor?

A

Glutamic acid carboxylase, pyridoxine (Vit B6) as cofactor

134
Q

May serve a neuromodulary role at some synapses

A

Peptides

Psychiatry Module 2 & 4 (5 decks)

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