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1005 Interruptions to normal physiology > 4. cardiovascular system > Flashcards

4. cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

role of cardiovascular system?

A

= transport system responsible for delivering oxygen, hormones, carrying waste products and nutrients around the body

  • Heart acts as a pump to push the blood around the body, the blood transports oxygen and waste around the body and the blood vessels contain the blood and maintain the pressure
  • Any disruptions in these three components can lead to the development of coronary hear disease
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2
Q

Cellular changes that occur in cardiac muscles in response to increase workload?

A

Increased workload = increases the affects on the heart

  • when there is increased workload the muscles need more oxygen = heart muscles pump harder
  • muscles send signal saying they need more oxygen - heart pumps harder and you breathe faster to get more oxygen into lungs
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3
Q

Define the term shock and explain how it may develop?

A

Shock = the supply of blood to the tissue is inadequate to meed the metabolic demand of the body

  • all types of shock result in acute circulatory failure which causes tissue hypoperfusion which leads to cellular hypoxia which may lead to tissue damage/ organ failure
  • Shock can result from heart failure, fluid loss, sepsis or an allergic reaction
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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

= the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite the changes to external environment

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5
Q

main systems that control homeostasis?

A

Most commonly, the nervous and endocrine systems restore homeostasis in the body.

  • Nervous system acts by sending electrical signals (nerve impulses/action potentials) to organs to counteract the imbalance
  • Glands in the Endocrine system secrete hormones into the blood.
    • nerve impulses - rapid change, hormones = slower change
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6
Q

Feedback systems?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. Receptor
    • afferent pathway
  3. control centre (brain
    • efferent pathways
  4. effector
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7
Q

difference between positive and negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback reverse a change in a controlled condition.

Positive feedback strengthen or reinforce a change in a controlled condition

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8
Q

How does the body maintain blood pressure in a person with sever bleeding

A

Adequate blood pressure is needed for blood flow and hence the transport of all nutrients and wastes to and from regions such as.

  • Three negative feedback pathway loops for blood pressure = indicate that three different processes must be active to keep blood pressure sufficient
  • When sodium is retained by the kidneys so that it remains in the blood instead of exiting the boding in the urine, water is also retained = increase in blood volume and corresponding increase in blood pressure
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9
Q

Three classifications of anemia?

A
  1. microcytic
  2. normocytic
  3. macrocytic
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10
Q

Causes of microcytic anemia ?

A

= small pale RBC, normal or low RBC count

causes:
- iron deficiency
- thalassemia trait - genetic defect in hb, alpha or beta chains of hb affected

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11
Q

Causes of Normocytic anemia?

A

= cells normal in size and colour but low RBCC

causes:
- blood loss
- haemolytic anemia - immune complexes, faulty heart valve
- sickle cell disease - malaria

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12
Q

Causes of macrocytic anemia?

A

=. large RBC, low RBC, no central pallor

  • Megaloblastic anaemia – folate or B12 deficiency, may be genetic
  • Aplastic anaemia: bone marrow failure = abundant red bone marrow in femur of young child compared to apparent absence of marrow in femur of child who died from aplastic anaemia
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13
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

=. occurs when there. is an obstruction in the coronary artery

  • resulting in lack of blood supply (ischemia) and inadequate oxygen (hypoxia) to the heart muscles

= tissue death (infarction) of heart muscles, compromising or stopping the heart functioning

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14
Q

What can cause a myocardial infarction?

A
  • Atherosclerosis : narrowing of the coronary arteries, due to a build-up of cholesterol and fat (plaque) in the arterieso Build up cause’s arteries to become harder and more restricted, decreasing the blood flow through the artery
    o If plaque breaks off it causes occlusion in artery = stopping blood supply to heart = ischemia, hypoxia and cell death – a myocardial infarction
  • Blood clot (thrombosis) = blocking the blood flow
  • Coronary artery disease
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15
Q

Heart failure

A

= defined as cardiac impairment with inability to fill or eject blood volume

  • thus the heart can no longer pump enough blood around the body
  • cam occur on left ventricular failure (congestive heart failure) and right sided heart failure
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16
Q

Pathophysiology and effect on the body of left sided heart failure

A

= left ventricle no longer pumps enough blood around the body

  • Therefore, blood builds up in the pulmonary veins
  • Causes shortness of breath and trouble breathing
  • More common
  • Effect: dyspnoea, orthopnoea, fatigue, decreased urine, oedema
  • Physical: hypotension or hyper
17
Q

Pathophysiology and effect on the body of right sided heart failure

A

= right ventricle is too weak to pump enough blood to the lungs

  • Causes blood to build up in the veins that carry blood from the organs and tissues back to the heart
  • Increased pressure in veins can push out of the veins into surrounding tissues (backs up into veins)
  • Leads to build-up of fluid in legs
  • Effect: swelling in legs, groin, abdomen, ankles, in GI tract and liver
18
Q

what is a blood clot and what factors map promote a blood clot?

A

= meshwork of protein strands that stabilises the platelet plug (platelets)

  • Stands are made of fibrin produced by secondary homeostasis (coagulation)
  • Coagulation cascade  enzymes or coagulation factors are produced by the liver and are circulating in the blood
  • Coagulation factors activate each other in a sequence of complex restriction = resulting in series of reactions to form a blood clot
  • Vessel injury initiates coagulation which triggers clot formation
19
Q

What are the risk factors of a blood clot?

A
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • immobility
  • smoking
  • oral contraceptives
  • certain cancers
  • trauma
20
Q

what is stable angina?

A

= get angina (chest pain) during moderate physical activity or when you are pushing yourself physically

  • symptoms go away with rest and or medication
21
Q

Pathophysiology of stable angina?

A
  • Occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen that it needs to function properly
  • When you exercise your heart works harder however the heart cannot supply enough oxygen for the hard working
22
Q

Modifiable and modifiable factors of a myocardial infarction and how does it contribute to its development?

A

Modifiable

  • High blood pressure = increases risk of heart disease, heart attack and stoke
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Obesity = physical inactivity
  • Smoking

non modifiable

  • age
  • ethnicity
  • genetics
23
Q

what is vein thrombosis

A

= blood clots which have formed in the vein

24
Q

Pathophysiology of vein thrombosis

A
  • vessel injury initiates coagulation which triggers clot formation
  • Can break off and
    become an embolism
  • Is clotting of the blood deep in the vein of an extremity or pelvis
    o Primary cause of pulmonary embolism
  • Results from condition that impair venous return lead to endothelial injury or dysfunction and cause hypercoagulability
25
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

= a thrombus that occludes pulmonary arterial circulation

  • Usually begins as a thrombus in the deep veins of the pelvis or lower limbs
  • A small part of the thrombus (an embolism) breaks away and travels to the lungs
26
Q

Pathophysiology of pulmonary embolism

A
  • Impact depends on the extent of the pulmonary blood flow obstruction
27
Q

What is virchow’s triad?

A

= three factors that generally lead to the development of DVT

  • function is to demonstrate the underlying physiology that drives the formation of venous thrombus
  • hypercoagulability
  • venous stasis
  • venous injury
28
Q

Outline the relationship between virchow’s triad and DVT

A
  1. Hypercoagulability: can occur due to pregnancy, use of oral contraceptive meds, cancer, chemo drugs and inherited thrombophilia
  2. Venous stasis
    o Caused by immobilisation, obesity and heart disease)
    o Most likely to occur with patients with atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease; prolonged immobility
    o Blood flow slows through vascular beds, flow reduces and the natural anticoagulant properties from interaction with surface proteins are affected, resulting in thrombi production
  3. venous injury (endothelia damage)
    o Especially endothelial damage (caused by surgery, trauma, previous DVTs)
    o Damage to endothelial wall of a vessel alters the dynamics of blood flow
    o Can be a result from smoking, chronic high blood pressure and atherosclerotic disease
29
Q

what are the changes experienced by the pulmonary circulation due to a pulmonary embolism

A

= pulmonary embolism alters pulmonary blood flow: effect is determined by the size of thee occlusion

  • massive occlusion: an embolus that occludes a major portion of the pulmonary circulation (i.e. main pulmonary artery embolus)
  • embolus with infarction: an embolus that is large enough to cause infarction (death) of a portion of lung tissue
  • embolus without infarction: an embolus that is not severe enough to cause permanent lung injury
  • multiple pulmonary emboli: may be chronic or recurrent
30
Q

Affect a pulmonary embolism would have on the heart and systemic circulation

A

If there if a clot in the lungs it affects the heart and the brain

-heart :the blood is no longer oxygenated when it is sent back to the heart thus the heart is not receiving oxygen to pump to the body.
o Ventilatory rate and heart rate are elevated to compensate for the low oxgen level and increased work of breathing

-brain : as the heart cannot pump oxygenated blood to the brain the brain cannot send messages as it needs oxygen to function = no feedback mechanism

Pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs) : if the blood clot travels from the blood vessels in legs to the lungs = develop pulmonary oedema

1005 Interruptions to normal physiology (10 decks)

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