1. Biomolecules

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

= the sum of all reactions in the body, which produce or consume energy

• many diseases in humans have been identified as being the result of altered metabolismo e.g. diabetes  altered carbohydrate metabolism

Question 2

Three main pathways of metabolism are:

Answer 2

o Anabolism = building things up (repairing or restoring things in the body)
 Pathway where simple molecules are synthesized into more complex

o Catabolism = breaking things down (usually for energy needs)
 Where larger biomolecules are degraded to release energy

o Waste disposal – the pathway by which harmful products of metabolism are eliminated from the body

Question 3

Products that macromolecules (fat, protein and carbohydrates) are during cantabolism

Stage 1

Answer 3

Begins with digestion where enzymes break down large molecules into smaller ones

• Polysaccharides into glucose
• Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
• Proteins into aa
  These digestion products then diffuse across the bloodstream for transports into the cells

Question 4

Products that macromolecules (fat, protein and carbohydrates) are during cantabolism

stage 2

Answer 4

Catabolism continues in the cell

 - Newly delivered nutrients are either: 
 - Built into lipids, proteins and glycogen by anabolic pathways 
 - Or broken down by catabolic pathway to pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA in the cell cytoplasm

The digestion products are further broken down to yield two of the three carbon compounds
- Pyruvate and acetyl CoA

Question 5

Products that macromolecules (fat, protein and carbohydrates) are during catabolism

stage 3

Answer 5

• The major production of energy takes place in the cells powerhouse - the mitochondria
• The two-carbon acetyl group is oxidised in the citric acid cycle, which produces the coenzymes NADH and FADH2.
• As long as the cells have an adequate supply of oxygen, the electrons and hydrogen ions from the reduced coenzymes are transferred to the electron transport chain to phosphorylate ADP into ATP.

Question 6

function of fats in the body

Answer 6

= body uses fates as a fuel source

Lipids
- Triglycerides – neutral fats protect the internal organs and store energy fuel

• Phospholipids – two layers of them form cell membrane
• Cholesterol – most important steroid, plays role in stabilisation of cell membrane, used to synthesis steroid hormones (sex hormones)

Question 7

Function of carbohydrates in the body

Answer 7

= provide the raw energy needed for energy production

• Monosaccharide – smallest
• disaccharide – quick sauce of energy
• polysaccharide – used for storage of products

Question 8

Function of proteins in the body

Answer 8

= response for multiple physiological functions  help repair and build body tissues, allows metabolic reaction to take place and coordinates bodily functions

• amino acids

Question 9

How the function of proteins may be influenced by PH

Answer 9

Ph = enzymes have an optimum pH range, going outside of this range can denature the enzyme, thus lost function

Question 10

How the function of proteins may be influenced by temperature

Answer 10

 increased temp may speed up reactions whilst a lower temp can slow reaction

Question 11

How the function of proteins may be influenced by concentration

Answer 11

Concentration – increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is a substrate available to bind to