Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1005 Interruptions to normal physiology > 3. Respiratory system > Flashcards

3. Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Role of oxygen in the body?

A

WITHOUT OXYGEN = CELLS DIE

oxygen is required to make ATP - without it the cell relies on anaerobic respiration which is ineffective and the cell will therefore be unable to carry out any function requiring energy

e.g. operating the sodium/ potassium pump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define pneumothorax and its pathophysiology.

A

= a condition where air enters the pleural cavity separating the visceral and parietal pleura destroying the negative pressure = lung collapse

  • Air separates the visceral and parietal pleurae = destroys the negative pressure

Classified as
- primary = spontaneous pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classification of a pneumothorax

A

spontaneous pneumothorax

  • primary
  • secondary - underlying lung disease

Traumatic pneumothorax

- e.g. fractured rib 
- tension pneumothorax - from mechanical ventilation or respiration disease such as COPD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Signs and symptoms of pneumothorax

A
  • SOB
  • chest pain
  • pressure in chest
  • blue discolouration
  • increased HR
  • increased RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complications of pneumothorax

A
  • effusion
  • haemorrhage
  • empyema
  • respiratory failure
  • arrhythmias
  • severe hypoxemia
  • tracheal deviation away from affected lung
  • hypotension

Treatment
- pain, infection and bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How would the body attempt to restore homeostasis with a pneumothorax

A

The blood pressure decreases and there is a reduction of arterial oxygen

= results in increasing RR and HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define emphysema and describe its pathophysiology

A

= permanent abnormal enlargement of the respiratory tract distal to the terminal bronchioles and associated destructive changes of the alveolar wall

= loss of elastin and other major structural proteins in the lower airways, resulting in widespread destruction of alveoli

  • abnormal dilation of the alveoli
  • loss of the lung elasticity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signs and symptoms of emphysema

A
  • SOB
  • fatigue
  • insomnia
  • cyanosis
  • use of accessory muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complications of Emphysema

A
  • pneumonia
  • collapsed lungs
  • heart problems - lack of oxygen puts strain on the heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How would the body attempt to restore homeostasis with emphysema

A
  • increase HR and RR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis

A

= results of inflammation for more than 3 months in the bronchi and bronchioles

  • muscle spasms
  • mucus production
  • inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A
  • Chills, muscle aches, fatigue
  • sputum producing cough
  • blue bloater: poorly oxygenated lung causing cyanosis
  • right sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension resulting from constriction of pulmonary blood vessels
  • peripheral oedema due to right sided heart failure
  • acidosis resulting from CO2 retention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complications of chronic bronchitis

A
  • persistent inflammation scarring the lining of the respiratory tract
  • increased mucus secreting glands and goblet cells
  • bronchial wall thickness due to increased bronchial smooth muscle
  • may lead to CO2 retention
  • respiratory failure,
  • pneumonia,
  • Enlargement and weakness of right heart ventricle of the heart caused by lung disease,
  • pneumothorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would the body attempt to restore homeostasis with chronic bronchitis

A
  • coughing to expel what is blocking the airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define pulmonary embolism and its pathophysiology

A

= a condition in which one or more arteries in the lungs become blocked by a blood clot

  • this is due to a deep vein thrombi detaching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A

= acute-onset tachypnoea, dyspnoea, and tachycardia, particularly when the patient is already receiving oxygen therapy.

Signs and symptoms also may include dyspnoea, chest pain, hypotension, haemoptysis, dysrhythmias, and congestive heart failure

17
Q

How would the body attempt to restore homeostasis with pulmonary embolism

A

.

18
Q

Pathophysiology of asthma

A

= chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways

  • involves many immune cells
  • smooth muscle spasms narrowing the airways
    thick mucus and mucosal oedema further occlude the small airways which can ultimately lead to full obstruction
  • obstruction of the airways = increased resistance to airflow and impairment of breathing =. lead to air becoming trapped causing hyperinflation in areas distal to obstruction
    = resulting in decreased perfusion of the alveoli
  • result in a ventilation/ perfusion mismatch and leads to hypoxia
19
Q

Signs and symptoms of asthma

A
  • expiratory wheezing, bronchostriction, cough, dyspnoea, tachycardia, tachypnoea, prolonged expiration
20
Q

Complications of asthma

A
  • signs and symptoms interfere with sleep and daily life
  • a permanent narrowing of the tubes that carry air to and from lungs (bronchial tubes) which affects how well the person can breathe.
21
Q

pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

= life threatening as it prevents gas exchange.

  • inflammation of the lungs leading to impaired gas exchange
  • leads to release of inflammatory mediators, hypoxemia and frequently results in multiple organ system failure
  • Creates oedema in the air sacs preventing gas exchange
22
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • SOB, fast breathing, tachycardia, blue fingernails, fatigue, fever, crackling of the lungs
23
Q

Complications of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • Atelectasis - small air pockets in lungs collapse
  • Failure of multiple organs - due to lack of oxygen
  • Pulmonary hypertension- due to the blood vessels narrowing to the heart
  • Blood clots during treatment
24
Q

What does lung compliance mean?

A

= refers to the ease in which the lungs can be inflated

  • is a measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with the change in intrapulmonary pressure
  • measure of stretchiness of lung and chest wall
  • is determined by elastin and collagen fibres, water content, surface tension and the compliance of the thoracic cage
25
Q

What conditions can increase lung compliance?

A

= increased compliance indicates what chest wall or lung is abnormally easy to inflate and lost elastic recoil

  • normal ageing process
  • disease such as emphysema
26
Q

What conditions can decrease lung compliance?

A

= decrease indicates that the lung or chest is abnormally stiff or difficult to inflate - requires more muscular effort when decreased

  • acure respiratory distress syndrome
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary oedema
  • fibrosis
27
Q

Changes of physiology that occur in obstructive lung disease?

A

= Characterised by limitation of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction

e.g emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis and asthma

  • Total lung capacity
  • Forced vital capacity normal
  • Decreased expiratory flow rate
28
Q

Changes of physiology in restrictive lung disease?

A

= characterized by reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity

e.g. ILD like fibrosing alveolitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial pneumonia and chest wall neuromuscular diseases

Lung capacity decreased

Reduced FVC

Normal or reduced

29
Q

Effect hypoxemia would have on the pulmonary vessels

A

Hypoxemia = low concentration of oxygen in the blood

  • Presents of hypoxemia stimulates oxygen peripheral chemoreceptors to increase patients breathing rate and heart rate = putting strain on the pulmonary vessels

1005 Interruptions to normal physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions