4. Cancer Epidemiology

Question 1

What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

A branch of medical science dealing with incidence, distribution and control of disease

Question 2

What is descriptive epidemiology?

Answer 2

Study of distributions (What, when)

Question 3

What is analytical epidemiology?

Answer 3

Study of determinants, why, how

Question 4

Why should cancer occurrence be studied?

Answer 4

Aid research, prioritization of health care

Stimulate hypotheses regarding cause of cancer

Question 5

What does prevalence refer to?

Answer 5

The total number of cases in a population

Question 6

What does incidence refer to?

Answer 6

The number of new cases in a population

Question 7

What does mortality refer to?

Answer 7

Number of deaths in population due to disease

Question 8

Does prevalence take into account the number of people changing over time?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

How do you calculate crude incidence?

Answer 9

Incidence = Number of new cases in year X / Number of persons at risk of the disease during year X * 100 000

Question 10

What are the most common cancers in Australia?

Answer 10

1. Prostate
2. Colorectal
3. Breast
4. Melanoma
5. Lung

Question 11

What are the most common cancers in the age group 0-14?

Answer 11

1. Lymphatic Leukaemia
2. Brain / Central Nervous System
3. Lymphomas
4. Kidney
5. Connective Tissue

Question 12

What are the most common cancers in the age group, 15-44?

Answer 12

1. Melanoma
2. Breast
3. All lymphoma
4. Thyroid
5. Testis

Question 13

Most common cancers in ages 45-64?

Answer 13

1. Breast
2. Prostate
3. Colorectal
4. Melanoma
5. Lung

Question 14

What is the most common cancer in ages 65+?

Answer 14

1. Prostate
2. Colorectal
3. Lung
4. Breast
5. Melanoma

Question 15

What are mortality rates affected by?

Answer 15

Incidence

Prognosis

Question 16

What cancer has the highest mortality among men?

Answer 16

Lung cancer

Question 17

What cancer has the highest incidence among men?

Answer 17

Prostate

Question 18

What cancer has the highest mortality rate among women?

Answer 18

Lung cancer

Question 19

What cancer has the highest incidence rate among women?

Answer 19

Breast

Question 20

What are cancer rates affected by?

Answer 20

Genetics
Living/working conditions
Healthcare
   - Prevention
   - Diagnosis
   - Treatment
Registration Systems

Question 21

What do observational studies do?

Answer 21

Find associations between risk factors and cancer

Find potential interactions between factors

Question 22

What are some internal risk factors?

Answer 22

Genetics

Age

Question 23

What are some external risk factors?is

Answer 23

Lifestyle factors
Environmental
Medication
Hormones
Viruses

Question 24

How does a case control study design work?

Answer 24

Get two groups, one with cancer one without
Separate both groups into another two groups
One exposed to X and those who werent

Question 25

How does a cohort study design work?

Answer 25

A group, exposed and not exposed, is followed over an amount of time
Separated into cancer and non cancer group

Question 26

For accurate association between disease and exposure, one needs to aim for?

Answer 26

Accurate diagnosis of disease

Accurate exposure assesment

Question 27

What is the synergy project?

Answer 27

Case-control studies, looking at effects of exposures to smoking and working environments

Question 28

After smoking, what is the most significant occupational risk factor?

Answer 28

Occupational exposures

Question 29

What is a major risk factor in mining. construction and farming?

Answer 29

Silica exposure