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PATH3309 > 3. Virus Oncogenesis > Flashcards

3. Virus Oncogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Are viruses organisms?

A

No, they are non living

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2
Q

Can viruses reproduce without a host cell?

A

No

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3
Q

What does a complete virus consist of?

A

Nueclocapsid

  1. Genome
  2. Capsid (composed of capsomeres) Envelope
  3. Membrane
  4. Ligands
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4
Q

What is the typical size of a virus?

A

10 - 300nm

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5
Q

What shape can a virus be?

A

Helical

Polyhedral

Complex (Binal0

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6
Q

What is an oncovirus?

A

A virus that can cause cancer

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7
Q

How many oncoviruses are recognised by WHO IARC?

A

6

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8
Q

What % of human cancers are caused by infection?

A

18%

12% are virus infections

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9
Q

Where do viruses rate on the risk factors for developing cancer?

A

2nd, just after tobacco usage

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10
Q

When/where/what was the first oncovirus discovered?

A

1908

University of copenhagen

Caused leukaemia in chickens

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11
Q

When was the first human oncovirus discovered?

A

1964

EBV

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12
Q

What was the most recent form of oncovirus discovered?

A

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus

2008

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13
Q

How do oncoviruses primarily cause cancer?

A

Deregulation of pathways involved in control of cell proliferation

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14
Q

DNA tumour viruses replicate where?

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

RNA tumour viruses replicate where?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

What does the lytic life cycle consist of?

A

Replication

Lysis

Progeny virions

Generally do not cause cancer

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17
Q

What does the latent life cycle of a virus consist of?

A

VIrus

Cell

Integration (integrates into host genome)

Transformation

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18
Q

What is the difference between lytic life cycle and latent (lysogenic) life cycle?

A

In the latent life cycle, virus genome is integrated into host genome

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19
Q

What is transformation?

A

Viral genes interfere with control of cell replication and other aspects of cell phenotype

Loss of growth control

Reduced adhesion

Motility

Invasion

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20
Q

Can both DNA and RNA viruses transform cells?

A

Yesum

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21
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

A gene that can transform a normal cell to a malignant one

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22
Q

What is a viral oncogene?

A

Oncogene transmitted by virus

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23
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

A normal gene that can become an oncogene

Are generally positive growth regulators

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24
Q

How many proto-oncogenes have been identified?

A

~70

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25
Q

What are anti-oncogenes?

A

Tumour supressor genes

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26
Q

What are some tumour supressor genes?

A

p53

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

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27
Q

What do tumour supressor genes do?

A

Regulate cell cycle

Apoptosis

Genomic stability

When cell is damaged, they arrest cell cycle for repair

Or apoptosis

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28
Q

What is p53s negative regulator?

A

mdm2

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29
Q

What are the known cancer viruses and what is their associated cancer type?

A
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30
Q

How many serotypes of HPV exist?

A

over 100

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31
Q

How is infection of HPV transmitted?

A

Sexual or close contact

32
Q

What does HPV infect?

A

Skin epithelial cells and mucous membranes

33
Q

What is the structure of HPV?

A

Non-enveloped

Icosahedral

Circular ds DNA

8kb genome size

Encodes 9 genes

34
Q

What does HPV 6 and 11 cause?

A

Warts (benign)

35
Q

What does HPV 16&18 cause?

A

Cancer

Cervical, uterine, vulvar, penile, anal, laryngeal

36
Q

What do E6 and E7 genes of the HPV genome code for?

A

Proteins that inactivate tumour supressor proteins p53 and Rb

37
Q

HPV, L1 gene codes for?

A

Protein that self assembles into shell

38
Q

What are empty capsids called?

A

Virus like particles

Form base for HPV vaccines

39
Q

What % of people will clear cervical HPV infection in 2 years?

A

90%

40
Q

How does HPV progress to cancer?

A

Persistant infection Leads to cancer

E6 and E7 integration

41
Q

Does smoking, age of first intercourse, contraception use, genetics influence HPV progression?

A

Yes

42
Q

What does the HPV vaccine protect against?

A

Released in 2006

70% of cervical cancer

90% of genital warts

43
Q

What is the structure of Herpesviridae?

A

Evnveloped

Icosahedral

Linear dsDNA

180kb genome

Contains Tegument for viral defence

44
Q

What does Herpesvirus type 8 cause?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus

Causes Kaposi’s sarcoma (skin cancer)

45
Q

What cell type does herpes 8 / HSHV infect?

A

B Lymphocytes

46
Q

Is herpes 8 / KSHV linked to HIV infection?

A

Yes

47
Q

What region is Herpes 8 / KSHV prevalent?

A

Africa, Mediterranean, Eastern Europe

48
Q

How does Kaposi’s sarcoma infect aids patients?

A

Reks em when immune system is supressed

49
Q

What family does the EBV (epstein barr virus) belong to?

A

Herpes 4

50
Q

What cell type does EBV infect?

A

B - cells and Epithelial cells

51
Q

How does EBV spread?

A

Oral transfer of saliva

52
Q

What diseases does EBV cause?

A

Burkitts lymphoma

Hodkins lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

B cell lymphoma

X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (Duncans)

53
Q

How does EBV cause Burkitts lymphoma genetically?

A

8:14 translocation at q32

54
Q

What cell type does HBV infect?

A

Hepatocytes

55
Q

What cancer does HBV cause?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

56
Q

What is the structure of HBV?

A

Enveloped

Spherical

42nm diameter

dsDNA circular

57
Q

How many proteins does HBV encode?

A

7 proteins

58
Q

How is HBV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

Blood

Maternal

59
Q

Is there a vaccine for HBV?

A

Yes

60
Q

What type of virus is HCV?

A

Flaviviridae

61
Q

What cell type does HCV infect?

A

Hepatocytes

62
Q

What is the structure of HCV?

A

Enveloped

Spherical

Linear ssRNA

63
Q

How is HCV transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

Blood

Maternal

Neonatal

64
Q

What is HCC?

A

Hepatocellular carcinogenesis

One of worlds most common and deadly cancers

65
Q

Can HBV and HCV cause chronic and acute inflammation?

A

Yes

66
Q

What type of virus is Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCV)?

A

Polyoma virus

67
Q

What does Merkel Cell polyoma virus cause?

A

Merkel cell carcinoma (skin cancer)

Rare and aggressive

68
Q

What is the structure of Merkel cell polyoma virus?

A

Non-enveloped

Icosahedral capsid

Circular dsDNA

Associated with cellular histones

69
Q

How many proteins does Merkel cell polyoma virus encode?

A

5-9 proteins

70
Q

Who does MCV typically effect?

A

Elderly and immunosupressed

71
Q

What is Human T-cell leukaemia?

A

HTLV-1 is a retrovirus which causes Adult T-cell leukaemia

ATL (Clover like lymphocytes)

Infects CD4 T cells

72
Q

What is the structure of HTLV-1?

A

Enveloped

Spherical capsid

Linear dimeric ssRNA

73
Q

How is HTLV-1 transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

Blood

Maternal - neonatal

74
Q

What % of HTLV-1 infected individuals develop ATL?

A

6%

75
Q

How long is the incubation of HTLV-1?

A

30-40 years

76
Q

What viral protein is activated in HTLV-1 infection?

A

Tax protein leads to uncontrolled proliferation

77
Q
A

PATH3309 (14 decks)

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