Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Digestion > 4 C: Anatomy, Physiology and Path of the Large Intestine (Colon) > Flashcards

4 C: Anatomy, Physiology and Path of the Large Intestine (Colon) Flashcards

1
Q

The diameter of the colon is _________ than that of the small intestine

A

GREATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is teniae coli?

A

The fibers of its external muscular layer are collected into longitudinal bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are Haustra?

A

Because these bands are shorter than the rest of the colon, the colon wall forms OUTPOUCHINGS between the teniae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are there vilii on the mucosa?

In the large intestine?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the general parts of the colon include?

A

The cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Glands composed of simple columnar type of epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 cells that constitute this epithelium?

A

1) Mucus-producing goblet cells
2) Absorption cells that fxn in absorbing nutrients, electrolytes, and fluid
3) Regenerative cells that proliferate and replace the other cells of the epithelium
4) Enteroendocrine cells that release paracrine hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the outer longitudinal layer is called what?

A

The Muscularis Externa

Note: it is gathered into the teniae coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is frequently noted in BOTH the small and large intestine?

A

Lymphatic nodules and lymphoid infiltration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the function of the large intestine?

A

1) propulsion & storage of unabsorbed material
2 ) place of residence for flora (bacteria)
3) absorption of small amounts of water and electrolytes
4) defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The large intestine is home to what?

A

A complex family of bacteria (500 diff species of bacteria reside in the colon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What role do the bacterial species play?

A

In the maintenance of health and prevention disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are large masses of bacteria passed in?

A

Stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When do the intestinal bacterial flora become established?

A

At birth, the colon is sterile, but the intestinal bacteria flora becomes established EARLY in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the established roles of intestinal flora?

A

Fermentation of undigestible dietary fiver to generate fatty acids, which are major nutritional source for the colon and have trophic effects to promote normal mucosal growth and development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is responsible for the slightly acidic nature of stools?
What is the pH?

A

The organic acids

pH= 5.0- 7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What leads to gas formation?

A

Fermentation of indigestible sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What prevents the colonization of the GI tract?

A

Creation of an environment that is inhospitable to pathogenic microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the mechanism is believed to be apart of the colonization of bacteria?

A

Not completely understood, but the fact that if there is a million good then it is hard for bad bacteria to take over.

***Another factor is pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is pH a factor?

A

Many of the normal flora have a low pH optimum, where many pathogens favor a neutral or more alkaline environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intestinal flora is also involved in what 3 things?

A

1) Creation of an environment that is inhospitable to pathogenic microorganisms
2) Metabolism of various compounds including bile salts, certain drugs
3) Creation of vitamin K, vitamin B12 & folic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is vitamin K essential to?

A

The liver for the efficient synthesis of certain blood clotting factors (e.g., prothrombin, VII, IX, & X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is vitamin B 12 and folic acid essential for?

A

Important for final maturation of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some cause of Diarrhea?

A

Infectious, drug-induced, food-related, post-surgical, inflammatory, transit-realted, and psychologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 4 distinct mechanisms that produce diarrhea?

A

1) increased osmotic load
2) increased secretion
3) inflammation
4) decreased absorption time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When does Osmotic diarrhea occur?

A

1) When unabsorbable, water-soluble solutes remain in the bowel, where they retain water.
2) Sugar intolerance - including lactose intolerance caused by lactase deficiency
3) w/ use of poorly absorbed salts( Mg sulfate, Na phosphates) as laxatives or antacids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Ingestion of large amounts of the hexitols (e.g, sorbital, mannitol) are used as sugar substitutes cause what? Why?

A

Osmotic diarrhea as a result of their SLOW absorption and stimulation of rapid small-bowel motility (“dietetic food” or “chewing gum” diarrhea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What can eating too much of some foods, like certain fruits can cause?

A

Osmotic diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is secretory diarrhea? What does it include ?

A

Occurs when the small & large bowel secrete more
electrolytes and water than they absorb.

-Secretagogues include bacterial toxins (e.g–in cholera), enterophogenic viruses, bile acids & unabsorbed dietary fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is exudative diarrhea? What does it include ?

A

Occurs with several mucosal diseases (e.g.–reginal enteritis, ulcerative colitis, lymphoma, cancer) that cause mucosal inflammation, ulceration, or tumefaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What results from exudative diarrhea?

A

Outpouring of plasma, serum proteins, and mucus increases fecal bulk and fluid content.

***Involvement of the rectal mucosa may cause urgency and increased stool frequency because the inflamed rectum is more sensitive to distention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

When does decreased absorption time occur?

A

When chyme is not in contact with an adequate absorptive surface of the GI tract for a long enough time so that too much water remains in the feces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What factors decrease the contact time?

A

Small or large-bowel resection, gastric resection, vagotomy, surgical bypass of intestinal segments, and drugs that speed transit by stimulating intestinal smooth muscle (as a side effect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is constipation?

A

Defined as the infrequent passage of stools

***Difficulty w/ this definition arises from the many individuals variations of function that is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When does problems increase with constipation?

A

With age

***There is a sharp rise in health care visits for constipation after 65 years of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Constipation can occur as a ?

A

primary problem or as a problem associated with another disease condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are some common causes of constipation?

A

1) failure to repsond to the urge to defecate
2) inadequate fiber in the diet
3) inadequate fluid intake
4) weakness of the abdominal muscles
5) inactivity and bed rest
6) pregnancy
7) hemorrhoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are some disorders associated with chronic constipation?

A

Neurologic disease such as:

1) spinal cord injury
2) Parkinson’s disease
3) Multiple Sclerosis
4) Endocrine disorders: hypothyroidism or diabetic neuropathy
5) obstructive lesion i the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What drugs are associated with chronic constipation?

A

Opiates, anti-cholinergic agents, valium channel blockers, diuretics, iron supplements and aluminum antacids tend to cause constipation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

A

Used to describe a functional GI disorder characterized by a variable combination of chronic and recurrent intestinal symptoms not explained by structural or biochemical abnormalities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What does evidence suggest about IBS?

A

10-20% of people in Western counties have the disorder, most do not seek medical attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is IBS characterized by?

A

Persistence or recurrent symptoms of abdominal pain, altered bowel function, and varying complaints of flatulence, belatedness, nausea, and anorexia, constipation or diarrhea, and anxiety or depression.

43
Q

What is the hallmark of IBS?

A

Abdominal pain (intermittent, cramping, and in lower abdomen) that is relieved by defecation and associated with a change in consistency or frequency of stools.

***Does not occur at night or interfere with sleep

44
Q

What is the condition believed to result from?

A

The dysregulation of intestinal motor and sensory functions modulated by the CNS

45
Q

Persons with IBS tend to experience what?

A

Increased motility and abnormal intestinal contractions in response to psychological and physiologic stress

46
Q

What kind of neural response plays a role in IBS?

A
  • Parasympathetic nervous system plays a role in the regulation of colonic and gastrointestinal motility
  • Central nervous system actuation of nerves located in the muscular layers of the intestine trigger the symptoms of IBS
  • Medulla (Vagus n.)
47
Q

The role that psychological factors play is?

A
  • The disease is uncertain
  • Changes in intestinal activity are normal responses to stress, these responses appear to be exaggerated in persons with IBS
48
Q

What gender is affected more?

A

*Women

**Menarche (1st menstrual cycle)

-Women notice an exacerbation of symptoms during the pre-mentrual period, suggesting a hormonal component

49
Q

What kind of markers does IBS lack?

A

Anatomic or physiologic

50
Q

What is diagnosis usually based on?

A

Signs and symptoms of abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, or an alternation between both.

51
Q

What is Inflammatory Bowel Disease?

A

Used to designate two related inflammatory intestinal disorders

52
Q

What are the 2 intestinal disorders:

A

1) Crohn disease

2) Ulcerative colitis

53
Q

What do the 2 intestinal disorders have in common?

A

BOTH lack conferring evidence of a proven causative agent and can be accompanied by systemic manifestations.

54
Q

Crohn’s disease has what appearance on the colon?

A
  • Cobble stone-like appearance

- No ulcers, but swells and is inflammed

55
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of both Crohn’s and Ulcerative colitis?

A

The result of activation of inflammatory cells with elaboration of inflammatory mediators that cause non-specific tissue damage

56
Q

What are both diseases characterized by?

A

The remission and exacerbations of diarrhea, fecal urgency and weight loss

57
Q

What are acute complications that may develop?

A

Intestinal obstruction may develop during periods of fulminant disease

58
Q

Macroscopically what is the bowel region affected in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Iluem +/- colon

Ulcerative Colitis= Colon only

59
Q

Macroscopically what is the rectal involvement in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Sometimes

Ulcerative Colitis= ALWAYS

60
Q

Macroscopically what is the distribution in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Skip lesions

Ulcerative Colitis= Diffuse

61
Q

Macroscopically what is the Stricture in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Yes

Ulcerative Colitis= Rare

62
Q

Macroscopically what is the Bowel wall appearance in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Thick

Ulcerative Colitis= Thick

63
Q

Macroscopically what is the Inflammation in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Transmural

Ulcerative Colitis= Limited to mucosa & submucosa

64
Q

Macroscopically what is the Psedopolyps in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Moderate

Ulcerative Colitis= Marked

65
Q

Macroscopically what is the Ulcers in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Deep, knife-like

Ulcerative Colitis= Superficial, board-based

66
Q

Macroscopically what is the Lymphoid reaction in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Marked

Ulcerative Colitis= Moderate

67
Q

Macroscopically what is the Fibrosis in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Marked

Ulcerative Colitis= Mild to none

68
Q

Macroscopically what is the Serositis in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Marked

Ulcerative Colitis= NO

69
Q

Macroscopically what is the Granulomas in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Yes (35%)

Ulcerative Colitis= NO

70
Q

Macroscopically what is the Fistulas/sinuses in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Yes

Ulcerative Colitis=Yes

71
Q

Macroscopically what is the Clinical Perianal fistula in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Yes (in colonic disease)

Ulcerative Colitis= No

72
Q

Macroscopically what is the Fat/vitamin malabsorption in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Yes

Ulcerative Colitis= NO

73
Q

Macroscopically what is the Malignant potential in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= With colonic involvement

Ulcerative Colitis= Yes

74
Q

Macroscopically what is the Recurrence after surgery in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= Common

Ulcerative Colitis= NO

75
Q

Macroscopically what is the Toxic megacolon in Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis?

A

Crohn’s= NO

Ulcerative Colitis= Yes

76
Q

What is Diverticulosis?

A

Condition which the mucosal layer of the colon herniates throughout the muscular is layer

77
Q

What is Diverticulosis characterized by?

A

The presence of diverticula in the colon (usually sigmoid) generally asymptomatic

78
Q

What does Diverticulosis result from?

A

High intraluminal pressure on areas of weakness in the bowel wall

79
Q

What is Diverticulitis?

A

When diverticula become inflamed = Diverticulitis

80
Q

What is the most common compliant with Diverticulitis?

A

Pain in the lower left quadrant accompanied by nausea, vomiting, tenderness in the lower left quadrant, a slight fever, and an elevated white blood cell count

81
Q

What are complications with Diverticulitis?

A

Perforation with peritonitis, hemorrhage and bowel obstruction

82
Q

What is Acute Appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix due to an obstruction with stool or a twisting of the organ or its blood supply

83
Q

With Acute Appendicitis what symptoms present?

A

On the lower right quadrant, fever, rebound tenderness

84
Q

When can Peritonitis occur?

A

If swollen appendix bursts before surgery

85
Q

What is Tx for Peritonitis?

A

With antibiotics

86
Q

What is the major mechanical causes of intestinal obstruction?

A

1) Herniation of a segment in the umbilical or inguinal regions
2) Adhesion between loops of intestine
3) volvulus
4) Intussusception

87
Q

What is the Defecation Reflex?

A

Distention of the rectum with feces initiates relax contractions of its musculature and the desire to defecate

88
Q

What kind of neural reflex is this?

A

A spinal cord mediated parasympathetic reflex that causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and the internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) to relax

89
Q

As feces are forced into the anal canal what signals are generated?

A

Electrical signals reach the brain allowing us to decide whether the external and sphincter (skeletal muscle) should relax and remain open or be constricted to stop the passage of feces temporarily

90
Q

During defecation what happens to the muscles of the rectum? How do we aid this process?

A
  • They contract to expel the feces
  • We aid this process by voluntarily by closing the glottis and contracting our diaphragm and abdominal muscles (Valsalva maneuver)
91
Q

What can bleeding from the GI tract be evidenced by?

A

By the blood that appears in the vomitus or the feces

92
Q

What can bleeding from the GI tract result from?

A

Disease or trauma to the GI structures (e.g.-peptic ulcers) blood vessel abnormalities (e.g.-esophageal varicose, hemorrhoids) or disorders in blood clotting

93
Q

What can bleeding in the stomach cause?

A

It is usually irritating and causes vomiting

94
Q

Hematemesis is what? Appearance?

A
  • Refers to blood in the vomitus

- Appears as bright red or have a “coffee-ground” appearance because of the action of the digestive enzymes

95
Q

What color does blood in the stool range from

?

A

From bright red to tarry black

96
Q

What is bright red stool indicate?

When it coats the stool, it is the result of?

A
  • That the bleeding is from the lower bowel

- Result of bleeding hemorrhoids

97
Q

What is melena?

A
  • Greek for “black”
  • Refers to the passage of black and tarry stools
  • These stools have a characteristic odor that is not easily forgotten
98
Q

What do Tarry stools indicate?

A

The source of the bleeding is above the level of the ileocecela valve (however, this is always not the case!)

99
Q

Occult (hidden) blood can be detected how?

What is it caused by?

A
  • Only by chemical means

- Caused by gastritis, peptic ulcer, or lesions of the intestine

100
Q

What is the most common cancers in the Western world?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the Colon & Rectum

101
Q

What is the Peak incidence?

A

6th-7th decades

102
Q

What does it present as ?

A

Normal mucosa–>polyp–>cancer–>metastatic tumor

103
Q

What are the predisposing factors?

A

1) Polyps
2) Long standing UC
3) Genetic factors
4) low fiber, high animal fat diet

Digestion (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions