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Digestion > 1 C: Salivation > Flashcards

1 C: Salivation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principal glands of salivation ?

How much secretion of saliva is seen daily?

A

1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual glands

***800-1500 ml

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2
Q

What does salivary gland secretion aid in?

A

1) Lubrication and digestion of food
2) Enhance speech
3) taste
4) swallowing

Note: It also dissolves & wastes out food particles from between the teeth

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3
Q

What is Xerostomia?

What do patients suffer form?

A

Patients who can’t produce saliva ( a rare condition)

**Pt’s suffer from dental caries, dry mouth, and infection/inflammation of the buccal mucosa.

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4
Q

What are some diseases that affect salivary glands resulting in xerostomia?

A

1) Sjogren’s syndrome (autoimmune disease )
2) HIV/AIDS
3) Parkinson’s disease
4) Injury to head or neck that damages the nerves that stim salivary glands
5) radiation therapy for cancer of head/neck

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5
Q

What is normal salivary function mediated by?

A

Muscarinic M3 receptor

-Stimulation of this receptor results in increased watery flow of salivary secretions

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6
Q

What happens when normal oral mucosa is stimulated?

A

Afferent nerve signals travel to the salivary nuclei in the medulla

***Efferent nerve signals, mediated by acetylcholine also stimulates salivary glandular epi cells & increase salivary secretions.

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7
Q

What are the basic units of salivary glands consist of?

A

1) Acinus ( blind end of a branching duct system)
2) intercalated duct
3) striated duct

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8
Q

What is the acinus comprised of?

A

A central lumen surrounded by pyramidal- shaped cells. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells

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9
Q

What are myoepithelial cells? Where are they present?

A

Elongated or star-shaped non-secreting cells w/ long branching processes.

**Present in the intercalated DUCTS

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10
Q

What happens when myoepithelial cells are stimulated?

A

When stimulated by neural input, the myoepithelial cells CONTRACT to eject saliva into the MOUTH.

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11
Q

What are Acini classified as?

A

1) Serous
2) Mucous
3) Mixed

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12
Q

The Parotid gland is what Acinar type, Viscosity and % of unstimulated saliva?

A

Serous, and watery

**25 % of saliva

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13
Q

The Submandibular gland is what Acinar type, Viscosity and % of unstimulated saliva?

A

Mixed and semi-viscous

**71% of saliva

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14
Q

The Sublingual gland is what Acinar type, Viscosity and % of unstimulated saliva?

A

Mucous and Viscous

**3-4 % of saliva

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15
Q

The Minor gland is what Acinar type, Viscosity and % of unstimulated saliva?

A

Mucous and Viscous

**Trace %

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16
Q

The Stensen’s DUCT drains the _____________ gland. Where is it located?

A

Parotid gland

***Located near the upper 2nd molar

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17
Q

The Wharton’s DUCT drains the _____________ gland. Where is it located?

A

Submandibular gland

***Located at the base of the understructure of tongue

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18
Q

What is unique about the Sublingual gland?

A

Unlike the parotid or submandibular it LACKS a SINGLE DOMINANT DUCT.

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19
Q

Where does the Sublingual gland drained by?

A

Approximately 20 small ducts called the DUCTS of RIVINUS.

***Which exit the superior aspect of the gland & open along the sublingual fold on the floor of the mouth

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20
Q

What is the Saliva content ?

pH?

A
  1. 5% Water

0. 5 % Electrolytes and Protein ( pH 6.0-7.4)

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21
Q

What are the most important salivary proteins?

A

1) Salivary alpha-amylase
2) Lingual Lipase
3) Mucins

22
Q

What is the Salivary alpha-amylase?

A

An enzyme that begins digestion of carbohydrates in the MOUTH

23
Q

What are lingual lipase’s?

A

Enzymes that begin digestion of lipids in the STOMACH

24
Q

What are mucins?

A

Mix w/ water to become mucus, which lubricates food

25
Q

What do salivary alpha-amylase hydrolyze?

A

Internal alpha-1,4 linkages ONLY

**DOES NOT cleave terminal alpha-1,4 linkages OR alpha-1,6 linkages

26
Q

What is Salivary alpha-amylase inactivated by?

A

Gastric acid

27
Q

What are the specialized constituents of saliva w/ antibacterial actions?

A

1) lysozyme
2) Lactoferrin
3) Immunoglobulin A

28
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Attacks bacterial cell walls

29
Q

What is Lactoferrin?

A

Chelates iron, preventing the multiplication of organism that require it for growth

30
Q

What is Immunoglobulin A?

A

Active against certain viruses and bacteria

31
Q

Oral bacteria include what ?

A

Streptococci, lactobacilli, staphylococci, corynebacteria, and various anaerobes in particular bactericides.

***700 species detected

32
Q

What are the benefits or Normal Oral Cavity Flora?

A

1) Prevent colonization by pathogens by competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients
2) May antagonize other bacteria they the production of substance which inhibit or kill non-indigenous species
3) Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies; since the flora behave as antigens, they induce immunological responses, antibody-mediated immune (AMI) response

33
Q

What does Saliva contain that can neutralize the acids (created by the bacteria that inhabit dental plaque) that cause tooth demineralization “tooth decay” ?

A

Buffering agents ( HCO3-)

34
Q

What must be present for tooth re-mineralization to occur?

A

Minerals ( calcium, phosphorus)

35
Q

Why does plaque pH fall each time acids accumulate in the mouth?

A

Due to bacterial acid production following the consumption of fermentable carbohydrates ***SUGARS in foods and drinks

36
Q

What occurs wit inn 5-10 minutes of eating and drinking ?

A

The acids can cause the pH to drop to a level low enough
( < 5.5) for the minerals in the tooth’s enamel to be dissolved (demineralization)

***LEADS TO TOOTH DECAY

37
Q

What does Saliva do ?

A

Neutralizes these acids & helps to repair the enamel by replacing the lost minerals (remineralization)

38
Q

What does Fluoride do?

A

Enhances saliva’s role in the remineralization process

39
Q

What is Salivary Secretion control under?

A

Neural control by CN 9 & 7

40
Q

What is the continuous secretion of saliva in absence of stimuli due to ?

A

The constant low-level stimulation by the parasympathetic nerve endings that exterminate in the salivary glands

41
Q

Why is the basal secretion important?

A

Keeps the mouth and pharynx moist at all times

42
Q

When does an unconditioned salivary response occur?

A

When chemoreceptors and pressure receptors within the oral cavity respond to the presence of food

-When activated they initiate impulses in AFFERENT NERVE FIBERS that carry information to the salivary center of the MEDULLA

43
Q

When touch and fast of food is sensed by receptors in the mouth, what happens?

A

Afferent neurons carry info to the CNS

44
Q

What happens when the Salivary nuclei in the MEDULLA receive the information?

A

EFFERENT neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system carry information via the CN 7 and CN 9 to the salivary glands —> Salivary glands secrete saliva via the extrinsic autonomic nerves

45
Q

For the Sympathetic System what is the a) Saliva input,

b) Temporal response, c) composition of secretions and
d) response to denervation?

A

a) Scant
b) transient (VISCOUS)
c) Protein RICH (High K+ and HCO3-)
d) decreased secretion

46
Q

For the Parasympathetic System what is the a) Saliva input,

b) Temporal response, c) composition of secretions and
d) response to denervation?

A

a) copious (lots)
b) sustained
c) Protein POOR (low K+ and HCO3-)
d) Decreased secretion & gland atrophy

47
Q

What stimulates increase salivary secretion?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation

***Quantity and characteristics are different

48
Q

What exerts the dominate role in salivary secretion?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation, produces a prompt & abundant flow of watery saliva that is rich in enzymes

49
Q

What can reduce Salivary secretion?

A

Atropine & other cholinergic BLOCKING AGENTS

50
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation produce?

A

A smaller volume of thick saliva that is RICH in mucous

51
Q

When does the mouth feel drier than usual ?

A

When the sympathetic stimulation elicits a smaller volume of saliva during circumstances when the sympathetic system is dominant such as stressful situations.

52
Q

What stimulates and inhibits parasympathetic regulation of saliva ?

A

Stimulates: Conditioning, Food (sight, smell, and thought) , Nausea, and Smell
***Pavlov’s experiments

Inhibits: Dehydration, Fear, and Sleep

Digestion (15 decks)

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