Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Digestion > 3 B: Physiology of Liver > Flashcards

3 B: Physiology of Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of the liver?

A

1) Glycogenolysis & Glycogenesis
2) Protein metabolism/urea synthesis
3) lipid metabolism
4) hormone metabolism
5) iron metabolism and storage
6) vitamin storage
7) drug detoxification
8) Vit D activation pathway
9) plasma protein syntheis
10) synthesis of blood clotting factors
11) bile synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does storage of glycogen allow?

A

Allows the liver to remove excess glucose from the blood, store it, and then return it to the blood when the blood glucose concentration falls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much glycogen can the liver store?

A

8% of their weight (100-120 g in an adult)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much is found in the muscles?

A

1-3% of muscle mass; but total amount exceeds that in liver!

More muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does amino acid degradation occur?

A

Mostly in the LIVER, and begins with deamination.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of amine (NH2) groups from the amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do deamination reactions require?

A

Set of enzymes; aminotransferases or transaminases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is AST ?

A

SGOT (serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase) also called aspartate transaminase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is ALT?

A

SGPT( serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase) also called alaine transaminase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What other purpose do AST & ALT have?

A

They are also used to synthesize non-essential amino acids within liver hepatocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are high levels of ALT and AST indicative of?

A

Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the amine groups cleaves form the amino acids ?

A

They are converted into ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ions (NH4+), which are then converted into urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is al urea synthesized?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hepatic coma or hepatic encephalopathy?

A

In serious liver disease, ammonia that accumulates in the blood and lead to this state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is urea excreted by the kidneys?

A

Urea diffuses from liver hepatocytes into the body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is azotemia or uremia?

A

A build-up of urea in the blood which high levels of urea become toxic to a variety of tissues

**Note: This is often a symptom of renal disease or failure!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the normal range of BUN in an adult?

A

5-26 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) can occur with?

A

1) **impaired renal function
2) increased protein intake or catabolism
3) GI bleeding (due to intestinal flora creating nitrogenous waste)
4) dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is HMG-COA reductase required for?

A

An important enzyme in liver hepatocytes required for endogenous cholesterol synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the only way the body can eliminate excess cholesterol ?

A

Via bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why does Ketogenesis occur?

A

Occurs in fasting states or poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The steroid hormones, as well as T3 and T4 are degraded by what?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What form is iron stored as in the liver?

A

Ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe iron metabolism and storage

A

1) Mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ are ingested
2) Stomach acid converts Fe3+–>Fe2+
3) Fe2+ binds to gastroferritin
4) Gastroferritin transports Fe2+ to s. intestines & releases it for absorption
5) In blood plasma Fe2+ binds to transferrin
6) In liver, some transferrin releases Fe2+ for storage
7) Fe2+ binds to apoferritin to be stored as ferritin
8) Remaining transferrin is distributed to other organs where Fe2+ is used to make hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Large quantities of vit A, B12, and D are stored where?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most important organ involved in drug metabolism? Why?

A

The LIVER;
Because it has many enzymes systems
( The MOST important = Cytochrome P450 System)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the basic purpose of drug metabolisms in the body ?

A

To make drugs less active and more water soluble and thus more readily excreted in the urine or bile

28
Q

Where can Cytochrome P450 Enzymes be most predominantly found?

A

Predominantly in the LIVER but also in the intestines, lungs and other organs!

29
Q

How are the cytochrome P450 enzymes designated by?

A

By the letter “CYP” followed by a Arabic numeral, a letter and another Arabic numeral (e.g, CYP2D6).

**EACH enzyme is termed an isoform since each derives form a different gene

30
Q

What does phase I and phase 2 enzymes consist of?

A

Phase I= Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Phase 2= Conjugative enzymes

31
Q

What are conjugation reactions designed to do?

A

To make metabolites more polar or hydrophilic, sometimes after they’ve been created by P450 enzymes

32
Q

What do conjugation reactions involve?

A

Endogenous substrate (Glucuronic acid, glutathione, acetyl-CoA or an amino acid), being added to a metabolite)

33
Q

What is Glucuronidation?

A

The most common and the most important conjugation reaction

34
Q

What does CP450 Inhibition involve?

A

In the decreed metabolic activity of CP450 enzymes leading to decreased metabolism of drugs

35
Q

What does CP450 Induction involve?

A

Results in increased activity of CP450 enzymes leading to increased metabolism of drugs

36
Q

What are the major types of plasma proteins?

A

1) Albumin
2) Globulin
3) Fibrinogen

37
Q

Where is the albumin, fibrinogen, and 50-80% of the globulin formed?

A

In the LIVER

38
Q

Where are the remainder of the globulins formed?

A

OIn the lymphoid tissues

39
Q

What constitutes the antibodies used in the immune system?

A

Gamma globulins

40
Q

What represents a smaller fraction of proteins found in the blood?

A

Hormones (e.g insulin, GH, ADH, PTH, etc.), angiotensinogen, etc.

41
Q

What are the function of the major classes of plans proteins ?

A

1) excretion of obconic pressure across capillary walls, which prevents EDEMA (albumin)
2) supplying approx. 15% of the buffering capacity of the blood (albumin)
3) transport of thyroid, adrenocortical, gonadal, and other hormones (albumin & globulin)
4) acting as carriers for metals, ions, fatty acids, amino acids, bilirubin, enzymes and drugs (albumin & globulin)
5) Participating in blood clotting (fibrinogen)
6) Participating in immune responses (gamma-globulin)

42
Q

Which Blood Clotting Factors are synthesized by the liver?

A

1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

43
Q

What are the organic constituents of bile?

A

Bile salts (50%), phospholipids (40%), cholesterol (4%), and bile pigments such as bilirubin (2%)

44
Q

What is secreted by cells lining the bile ducts?

A

Bile containing electrolytes and water

45
Q

What are the 2 primarily bile acids synthesized by the Hepatocytes?

A

1) cholic acid

2) chenodeoxycholic acid

46
Q

A portion of the primary bile acids is converted by intestinal bacteria into what 2 secondary bile acids?

A

1) deoxycholic acid

2) lithocholic acid

47
Q

What helps make the bile acids AMPHIPATHIC at duodenal pH?

A

The liver conjugates the bile acids w/ amino acid glycine or taurine to form bile salts–>making them amphipathic

48
Q

What is the most common variety of phospholipids found in bile?

A

LECITHIN

49
Q

Phospholipids are ___________

A

Amphipathic

50
Q

What accounts for most of the cholesterol breakdown in the body?

A

Hepatic synthesis of bile acids

51
Q

In humans how much of cholesterol is converted to bile acids and eliminated in bile everyday?

A

500 mg

***Some cholesterol is also eliminated in the bile as a WASTE PRODUCT

52
Q

What is Bilirubin?

A

A waste product of hemoglobin degradation

53
Q

What are the types of bilirubin?

A

Free bilirubin OR unconjugated bilirubin OR Indirect bilirubin. Conjugated bilirubin OR direct bilirubin

54
Q

How is free bilirubin transported into the blood?

A

By attaching to albumin

55
Q

As free bilirubin passes thru the liver, it is release from?
Where is it moved?

A

Release from albumin & moved into hepatocytes

56
Q

What functions do free bilirubin passing thru liver in hepatocytes preform?

A
  1. Uptake of bilirubin from the circulation
  2. Conjugation of bilirubin
  3. Excretion of bilirubin into the bile
57
Q

What does conjugation involve?

A

The attaching of glucuronic acid to bilirubin in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme glucuronyl transferase

58
Q

Which type of bilirubin iix more water soluble?

A

Conjugated is more then free or unconjugated bilirubin

59
Q

What are other bile constituents?

A

Ions ( Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) and water are secreted into bile by epithelial cells lining the bile ducts

60
Q

What are other waste products with bile?

A

lipophilic drugs and metabolites, antigen-antibody complexes, etc.

61
Q

Describe the 3 steps of bile formation

A

1) Hepatocytes actively secrete bile into bile canals (canaliculi)
2) Intrahepatic and extra hepatic ducts not only transport this bile, but the cells that line these duct (cholangiocytes) also secrete a watery, HCO3- rich fluid
3) Between meals approx. 1/2 the hepatic bile is diverted to the gallbladder, stores and removes salts & water.

62
Q

What is hepatic bile?

A

The first 2 steps producing 900 ml/day

63
Q

What is the result of removing salts and water?

A

The gall bladder concentrates the key remaining solutes-bile salts, bilirubin, cholesterol and lecithin by 10-20 fold

64
Q

During meals, bile that reaches the duodenum is what?

A

A mixture of relatively DILUTE hepatic bile & CONCENTRATED gall bladder bile.

65
Q

What are the 2 important functions of Bile?

A

1) Provides the sole excretory rout for many solutes that are not excreted by the kidneys.
2) Secreted bile salts and lecithin are required for normal lipid digestion & absorption in the s. intestine

Digestion (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions