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Digestion > 1 A: GI System > Flashcards

1 A: GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the GI Tract?

A

An epithelial lined muscular tube about 30 ft i length

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2
Q

What are parts of the GI ?

A
  1. Mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
  6. large intestine/ colon (cecum, ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid colons)
  7. rectum
  8. anus
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3
Q

Why is the length of the GI half the length?

A

Due to muscle tone

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4
Q

What are the ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS ?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas & biliary system (liver & gall bladder)

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5
Q

What is the basic functions of the GI tract?

A

1) Separate ingested food into essential nutrients & unnecssary wastes
2) Absorb the former while getting rid of the latter

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6
Q

To carry out these tasks what mechanisms has the GI tract developed?

A

1) Motility
2) Secretion
3) Digestion
4) Absorption

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7
Q

What is tone?

A

Smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract maintinas a constant low level of contractions known as tone
(e.g “bowl sounds”)

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8
Q

Why is tone important?

A

Maintains a steady pressure on the contents of the GI tract as well as in prevents its walls from remaining permanently stretched following distention.

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9
Q

What are the 3 basic types of motility?

A

1) Propulsive movements or PERISTALSIS
2) Mixing movements or SEGMENTATION
3) TONIC CONTRACTIONS of sphincters or valves

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10
Q

What is the function of Peristalsis ?

A

Propulsive causes transport non-propulsive causes mixing

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11
Q

What is the site of Peristalsis ?

A

1) Esophagus 2) Stomach 3) Small intestine

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12
Q

What is the function of Rhythmic segmentation?

A

Mixing

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13
Q

What is the site of Rhythmic segmentation?

A

1) Small intestine 2) Large intestine

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14
Q

What is the function of Tonic contraction?

A

1) Blocking passage 2) Separation

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15
Q

What is the site of Tonic contraction ?

A

1) Gastrointestinal sphincters

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16
Q

How does Peristalsis work?

A

Propels contents forward throughout the GI tract at varying speeds.

***Completely dependent on involuntary contractions of smooth muscle

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17
Q

What are the different kinds of segmentation?

A

1) Regularly spaced
2) Isolated
3) Irregularly spaced
4) Weak regularly spaced

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18
Q

What does segmentation do ?

A

1) Promotes mechanical digestion of food
2) Facilitates absorption by exposing all portions of the intestinal contents to the absorbing surfaces of the GI tract

*****Dependent on involuntary contractions of smooth muscle

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19
Q

What do Sphincters do?

A

Tonic contractions of sphincters, w/ intermittent relaxation, also serve to regulate the movement of luminal contents

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20
Q

What is the relaxation of sphinters mediated by?

A

reflexes

*****completely dependent on INVOLUNTARY CONTRACTIONS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE (autonomic)

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21
Q

What are the GI sphincters WITHIN the GI TRACT?

A

1) Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
2) Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
3) Pyloric Sphincter
4) Ileocecal Sphincter
5) Internal Anal Sphincter
6) External Anal Sphincter

22
Q

What are the GI sphincters INTO the GI TRACT?

A

1) Sphincter of Oddi

23
Q

What does the Sphincter of Oddi do?

A

Regulates the movement of contents of the common BILE DUCT into DUODENUM

24
Q

Do we have voluntary control of GI motility? Explain

A

Yes;

1) At the mouth thru the early portion of the esophagus (including the UES)
2) At the external anal sphincter

25
Q

What are the activities involved in these two exceptions of voluntary movement?

A

Motility involves skeletal muscle rather than smooth muscle activity

26
Q

What are some examples of voluntary movements done by skeletal muscle ?

A

1) chewing 2) swallowing 3) defecation

27
Q

What is the motility accomplished by smooth muscle accomplished by ?

A

Smooth muscle thru the remainder of the tract which is controlled by involuntary mechanisms.

28
Q

What does Secretion in the GI tract involve?

A

Process by which water, electrolytes, and proteins are exported out of cells

29
Q

How much saliva, gastric juice, bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal secretions, and mucus does the body make a day?

A

TOTAL = 9 L of fluids

  1. 5 L saliva
  2. 5 gastric juice
  3. 5 L Bile
  4. 5 L pancreatic juice
  5. 0 L intestinal secretions
  6. 0 L mucus

***Variations in both ionic & molecular composition

30
Q

What is digestion ?

A

The breakdown process whereby the structurally complex food stuffs of the diet are converted into smaller absorbable units

31
Q

How does digestion occur ?

A

Mechanically via the aforementioned motility & chemically via enzymes

32
Q

What is the underlying mechanism of most chemical digestion ?

A

Hydrolysis

33
Q

Where are the enzymes secreted from that go into the GI tract?

A

1) Stomach
2) pancreas
3) The plasma membrane of enterocytes (brush border enzymes)
4) Epithelial cells that make up the mucosal surface of the GI tract

34
Q

Where does digestion mainly occur?

A

Small intestine and Stomach

35
Q

What does Absorption in the GI tract solve?

A

1) How to reclaim enormous volume of fluid (9L), entering or secreted into the lumen of the GI tract each day.
* ** 100 ml ends up in still and rest of it recycled

2) Recognizes specific nutrients, vitamins, electrolytes(water) and to absorb them effectively & efficiently (via active and passive transport)

36
Q

What are the 4 basic quadrants ?

A

1) Right Upper
2) Left Upper
3) Right Lower
4) Left Lower

37
Q

What are the GI organs in the Right upper quadrant (RUQ)

A

1) Liver: right lobe
2) Gallbladder
3) Duodenum: parts 1-3
4) Pancreas: head
5) Right kidney
6) R. colic (hepatic) flexure
7) Ascending colon: superior part
8) Transverse colon: right half
9) Stomach: pylorus

38
Q

What are the GI organs in the Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

A

1) Liver: Left lobe
2) Spleen
3) Stomach
4) Jejunum & proximal ileum
5) Pancreas: body & tail
6) L. kidney
7) L. Colic (splenic) flexure
8) Transverse colon: left half
9) Descending colon: superior part

39
Q

What are the GI organs in the Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

A

1) Cecum
2) Vermiform appendix
3) Most of ileum
4) Ascending colon: inferior part

40
Q

What are the GI organs in the Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

A

1) Sigmoid colon

2) Descending colon: inferior part

41
Q

What are the 9 Abdominal Pelvic regions?

A

1) Umbilical
2) R. Lateral (Lumbar)
3) L. Lateral (Lumbar)
4) Epigastric
5) R. Hypochondriac
6) L. Hypochondriac
7) Pubic
8) R. Inguinal (Grion)
9) L. Inguinal (Grion)

42
Q

What is the largest of the ventral body cavities?

A

GI organs inside the abdominopelvic cavity

43
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

a slick serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity

44
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

A

The external surfaces of digestive organs & is continuous w/ parietal peritoneum

45
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

A

The walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

46
Q

What is between the 2 peritoneums?

A

The peritoneal cavity. a slit-like space containing peritoneal fluid secreted by the 2 membranes

47
Q

What does the serous fluid lubricate? and what does it allow?

A

The mobile digestive organs, allowing them to glide easily across one another as they carry out activities.

48
Q

What is Peritonitis? When does it occur?

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

-Occurs when one suffers a piercing wound of the abdomen, a perforating ulcer, or a ruptured appendix.

49
Q

What is Ascites ?

A

The condition characterized by the accumulation of peritoneal fluid (EDEMA in the abdomen)

50
Q

What does the peritoneum contain?

A

Large folds that weave between the viscera

Unlike the pericardium and pleurae

51
Q

What are 2 examples of the peritoneum? Where are they located?

A

1) The GREATER OMENTUM
- Hangs loosely from the transverse colon & small intestine

2) MESENTERY
-Found in between the small intestine & anchors it to the posterior abdominal wall
(more fat tissue, deep in belly )

Digestion (15 decks)

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