4 - Alexander II, Reaction And The Emergence Of Opposition Flashcards
What feelings did reforms create in the 1860s?
Excitement and opposition
What did censorship relaxation encourage?
More radical books
What did educational changes lead to the growth of?
Radical student organisations
What did legal reforms promote? Who did they attract?
Legal careers Middle class critical of government
When was the opposition group Young Russia formed? Who were they hostile to?
1862
Tsar and Church
When was the opposition group The Organisation formed? Who was it set up by and what did they carry out?
1863
Moscow Uni alumni, revolutionary activities
What sort of period set in between 1866-67? Why?
Reaction
Attempted Tsar assassinations
Who did Alexander II appoint? Who are 2 examples?
Reactionary ministers
Dmitry Tolstoy and Peter Shuvalov
What did the reactionary ministers argue about Russia?
Westernising changes were weakening Russia
What 2 type of reforms still continued? What happened to the others?
Economic and legal
Halted or reversed
Who was the authority of primary schools returned to? Whose activities were restricted?
Church
Zemstva
What were secondary schools ordered to remove from their curriculum?
Sciences
Where could vocational students only attend as of 1871?
Higher technical institutions
What subjects were banned in universities? Why?
Literature and history
Encouraged critical thought
What organisations were banned?
Student organisations
What could the government do over university appointments?
Veto
What was reasserted with the new education policies? What became restricted?
Religious control
The curriculum
What education was declined? How did people escape restrictions?
Female education
Studying abroad
What force’s work was increased?
Third Section
What trial could political offenders face? Until what year?
Show trials
1878
Where could political crimes be tried from 1878?
Secret military courts
What were given to governor-generals? From what year?
Emergency powers for military courts and exile
1879
Which groups of people thrived underground?
Critics and opponents
Why were show trials abandoned? Who is an example?
Sympathetic juries
Vera Zasulich
What war took place between 1877-78? What situation took place between 1879-80?
Russo-Turkish War
Famine
What recession started in the late 1870s? What event from the 1860s repeated itself relating to the Tsar?
Industrial
Assassination attempts
What commission did Alexander II establish? Under who?
Count Loris-Melikov
What position was Loris-Melikov appointed to in 1880? What was he to investigate?
Minister of the Interior
Revolutionary activities
Who was released because of Loris-Melikov?
Political prisoners
What was relaxed because of Loris-Melikov?
Censorship
Whose restrictions were lifted because of Loris-Melikov?
Zemstva
What was tax removed from because of Loris-Melikov?
Salt
What was abolished because of Loris-Melikov? Who replaced them?
Third Section
Okhrana
