3 - Alexander's Other Reforms Flashcards
What were 2 reasons for further reform?
Disappointment/Other issues
What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?
Military
All classes
What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?
Military
25 to 15 years
What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?
Military
Corporal
What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?
Military colleges
Modern weaponry
How could the new army be described after military reform?
Smaller but better-trained
What was reduced after military reform?
Costs
What was improved through army education campaigns?
Literacy
What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?
Aristocrats
Upper
What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?
Local government
Zemstva
What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?
Local government
People, primarily Nobles
What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?
Public services and industry
The poor
What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?
Representative government
Nobles and “professionals”
Welfare and education
How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?
Zemstva forum
Taxation and law
What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?
Judicial
What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?
Judiciary
Barristers and a jury
What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?
Judiciary
Equally
What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?
It improved
Judiciary
What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?
Fairer and less corrupt
Government control
Vera Zasulich
What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?
Ecclesiastical and military courts
Poland
What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?
Improvements in literacy and numeracy
Liberal Alexander Golovnin
Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?
Zemstva
All
What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?
Vocational schools
University
When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?
1863
Liberal
