4- Agriculture Flashcards
What new crops were introduced in the 17th century
articokes
asparagus
clover
How did population growth affect harvesting
good harvest were needed
more efficient agricultural output needed
WHat is the market garden
special producer of fruits and vegetables served to fee london
How much had argricultral production grown
exceeded Europe in 1640s except Holland
1450 -266 average days worked
1700-405 average days worked
What does the growth in agricultural production signify
rise in population led to a boost in production
What is Enclosure
Combining scattered lands to be used by one landowner
What were some positives of Enclosure
crop production wasn’t duplicated
led to fewer rivals in regions
What difficulties did enclosure hold
loose agreements over land led to small protests over land
especially small landowners
enclosure would beat out smaller landowners
Who are Yeomen
farmers who owned thier own land, large farm
could hold as much property as gentry
What was their a new awarness of
utilising as much land as possible
needing to leave fields fallow
selecting crops based on their suitability for soil types
How was the new awarness in crop growth spread
yeomen becoming more literate
able to use books to spread knowledge
How did enclosure help with crpo rotation
before only 3 fields used
but with enclosure more fields able to be used
fields left for pasture for longer to again reach most productive soil level
How did the low countries help in crop efficiency
dutch immigrants carried out much of the work on irrigation and new crops
Frost resistant turnips
What was so great about the turnips
frost resistant
stored in winter could uphold animals throughout the year
What was so great about the turnips
frost resistant
stored in winter could uphold animals throughout the year
What was a new wet type of field used as a farming technique
water meadows
What were water meadows
flooded meadows with water diverted from streams and rivers
provided fields with constantly wet soil
Why were water meadows useful
reduced chances of frost
enables grass to grow earlier
helps keep animals fed improved livestock of animals
What was a result of the improvement in farming in 1670
britian stopped impoting and started exporting grain
How did national markets establish
development in transport infrastructure
How did national markets help farmers
allowed them to grow crops that suited local conditions
What transport method were used to create a national market
mainly water, ports on the coast and rivers used
also minimal road transport due to rough roads and tolls
How was employment effected by enclosure and the growth in larger farms
small tenants suffered
had to join bigger farms or the cloth trade
job security difficult for those without an apprenticeship
How did the Settlement act 1662 help employemnt
allowed workers from other parishes join farm work
Why was capital investment needed
ensure productivity increase
How did investment help larger farms
buy land from neighbouring farms
cheap labour die to pop. growth
expand from thier local markets
What else was investment used for
improve estate conditions
improve road conditions
How did investment effect the growth of larger farms
In 1700, 53.6% agricultural lands is large farms
was only 32.2% in 1600
How were natoinal markets naturally formed
formation of towns and population growth
increase in need for food
especially london
How much had grain shipments increased into london
in 1605 was 6.350 mil kg
in 1661 was 14.605 mil kg
How was land transport improved
roads
responsiblty of parish little care just roman roads
act in 1663 allowed creation of toll roads to mercants
what was transported by water
Coal- newcastle-london via east coast
royal navy used to protect ships
What was the limitation of national markets
didnt dominate the economy till the 18th /19th century
didnt develop in scotland or ireland
How did the national market create strain i resources
HIgh demand took them away from other communities
south east especially struggled
prices 6x what they were in 1500 in 1650
What was the significance of national markets
conclusion
weren’t possible without improvement of trading infrastructure and conditions
Improvement in techniques led to increased production enabling towns to expand
