4-6🍎 Depression-Psychopathology PAPER1 Flashcards

Question

negative view of self

Answer 1

-‘I’m a failure’ -such thoughts enhance any educating feeling because they confirm emotions of low self esteem

Answer 2

-‘the world is a cold hard place’ -creates impression that there is no hope anywhere

Answer 3

-‘things will never get better’ -reduces hope and enhances depressive feelings

Answer 4

-existence of supporting research -‘cognitive vulnerability’ refers to ways of thinking that may predispose a person to becoming depressed, eg faulty information processing, negative schema and triad -psychologists concluded that not only were these cognitive vulnerabilities more common in depressed people but they preceded depression -confirmed in recent study Cohen et al (2019), tracked development of over 400 adolescents, regularly measuring cognitive vulnerability -found that showing cognitive vulnerability predicted later depression -shows association between cognitive vulnerability and depression

Answer 5

-no doubt that depressed people show particular signs of cognition, csn be seen before onset of depression, suggestion of cognitive vulnerabilities partial explanation for depression -some aspect not well explained -eg some depressed people feel extreme anger and some experience hallucination and delusions

Answer 6

-ANC model real world application in psychological treatmen of depression -it’s approach to cognitive theraoy is called tajniak emotive behaviour therapy -the idea of it it thag by vigorously arguing with a depressed person rhe therapist csn alter the irrational beliefs that are making them unhappy -some evidence to support idea that this theraoy csn both change negative beliefs and relive symptoms of depression. -this means REBT has real world value

Answer 7

-ABC model only explains reactive depression not endogenous depression -no doubt thag depression often triggered by life events (activating events) -this is called reactive depression, how we respond to these life events also seems to party reukt of our beliefs -however many cases of depression are not traceable to life events and it is not obvious what leads the person to become depressed at a particular time -this is called endogenous depression -ABC model less useful for explaining this -this means that Ellis model can only explain some cases of depression and is therefore only a partial explanation

Answer 8

-ABC model controversial as locates responsibility for depression purely eith depressed person -critics say this is effectively blaming depressed person, which could be unfair -on other hand, provided it is used appropriately and sensitively, application of ABC model is REBT does appear to make at least some depressed people achieve more resilience and feel better

Answer 9

-no doubt depressed people show particular signs cognition, that csn be seen before onset depression -suggestion of cognitive vulnerability at least partial explanation depression -however some aspects to depression not explained by cognitive explainations -e.g some depressed people feel extreme anger and some hallucinations and delusions

Answer 10

-showed ellis theory practical application by using theory to create successful therapy -found that challenging irrational negative beliefs person csn reduce depression which supports basic theory as suggests that irrational thoughts have role in depression

Answer 11

-found that depression women showed more errors in belief when asked to interpret written material than non depressed patients -shows that negative views which they have as a result of previous events impaired their ability to do something which should have been quite simple

Answer 12

-found that depressed participants who were given automatic negative thoight statements became more and more depressed -shows impact negative thoughts have on cognitive functioning

Answer 13

-book offers most comprehensive meta analysis of studies relating to cognitive vulnerability and depression -detailed evaluations of cognitive model of depression and found consistent support for the theory in studies conducted across time and place

Answer 14

-assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability and depression before and after birth -found that those women with high cognitive vulnerability most likely to suffer post natal depression -suggests solid support for cognitive vulnerability factors

Answer 15

-cotard delusion rare condition marked by false belief you or body parts dead dying or don’t exist -depression closely related to cotard delusion -2011 review notes 89% documented cases include depression as symptom -Becks explanation limited as fails explain some symptoms of depression including delusions

Answer 16

-20 sessions/16 weeks -teach clients rethink and challenge negative perceptions/ cognitions e.g re evaluating negative triad -focuses on the ‚here and now’ rather than delving too much into past

Answer 17

-believes humans csn think way out stress, therapist provide dispute asking client think alternative reasons why difficulties A- activating event B- beliefs C- consequences D- debating and disputing beliefs E- effective (helpful) beliefs F- (more) functional emotions and behaviours

Answer 18

-internal irrational thoughts triggered by external events -depression as result of experiencing negative event which produces cognitive thoight process- beliefs

Answer 19

-range of irrational beliefs identified by ellis -eg. life always meant to be fair

Answer 20

-when an activating event triggers irrational beliefs there are emotional and behavioural consequences

Answer 21

-eg. patient believes they are permanently unlucky -therapist would challenge an irrational beliefs there -opportunity for vigorous debate -providing evidence which contradicts patients irrational beliefs

Answer 22

-by challenging irrational belief, link between negative life events and depression broken -healthier beliefs csn therefore be incorporated

Answer 23

-these healthier beliefs should lead to healthier behaviours which will ensure greater sense of happiness and well-being

Answer 24

1. Behavioural Activation 2. Graded Task Assignment 3. Negative Thought Capturing

Answer 25

-investigate barriers to engaging with activities -discuss activities that give/gave pleasure in past -intention to reengage with these as part of therapeutic process

Answer 26

-develop goals which are in teasingly demanding to complete for homework -aim is to get them to reengage which behaviours identified in stage 1 -aim test reality negative beliefs

Answer 27

-recognise and capture negative/irrational thoughts -sometiems described as difference between getting kn every train that goes through station and letting mind run down negative path or being like train spotter noting each train down but not engaging with every one -therapist actively challenges to develop more rational thoughts -create a balanced thought between negative and positive thought

Answer 28

-large body evidence support effectiveness treating depression -John March et al (2007) show CBT works -compared CBT to antidepressant drugs and also to combination treatments when treating 327 depressed adolescents -after 36 weeks, 81% CBT group, 81% antidepressant group and 86% both group significantly improved -so CBT just as effective when used on own and more effective alongside antidepressants -fairly brief therapy 6-12 sessions so cost effective -positive impact economy as patient go back work quicker earn money and start paying tax

Answer 29

-łąck effectiveness severe cases and clients eith learning disabilities -some severe cases clients cannot motivate selves to engage with cognitive work CBT, may not even pay attention in session -complex rational thinking makes it unsuitable for treating depression in those with learning disabilities -Sturmey (2005) suggests that any form psychotherapy not suitable for those with learning disabilities

Answer 30

-more recent evidence challenges vuew that CBT ineffective for severe cases depression and learning disabilities -review by Lewis and Lewis (2016) concluded CBT as effective as antidepressant drugs and behavioural therapies for severe depression -review by Taylor et al (2008) concluded that when used appropriately CBT effective those with learning disabilities

Answer 31

-high relapse rates -effective tackling symptoms depression, concerns over how long benifits last -some recent studies suggest long term outcomes not as good as had been assumed -Ali et al (2017) study assessed depression in over 400 clients every month for year following course CBT -over 40% relapsed into depression whithin 6 months ending treatment and over 50% relapsed whithin a year

Answer 32

-CBT highly effective at least in short term in tackling symptoms depression -however not all clients want to tackle depression this way -some want symptoms gone as quick and easy as possible so prefer medication -others such as survivors of trauma want to explore origins of symptoms -study client preference, Yrondi et al (2015) found depressed people rated CBT as least preferred psychological therapy