4 Flashcards
Wat is een social experiment (alternatief voor precautionary principle)
New technology gets tested in society without knowledge of risks
Because of the uncertainty, not all risks can be identified during the design stage
Wat is de kritiek op de alternative approach (social experiment)
The lack of explicit consent from citizens, who become unwitting participants in these “experiments,” raises significant ethical and social concerns
Wat zijn de 5 conditions voor een responsible social experiment
- Absence of alternatives for acquiring the knowledge required to
eliminate the uncertainty (last possible option) - Absence of alternatives for the technology itself (if there are safer options that do the same you can not do it)
- Controllability of the experiment: monitoring possible effects and
possible containment of negative effects - Informed consent
- On-going evaluation
Wat is system 1 en system 2 thinking
System 1 is automatic without actually thinking
System 2 is thinking about it and put effort in it
System 1
Fast
Unconscious
Automatic
Everyday Decisions
Error-Prone
System 2
Slow
Conscious
Effortful
Complex Decisions
Reliable
Wat is een black swan event
Highly unpredictable event
Wat is hindsight bias
After a black swan event, people often perceive it
as predictable in retrospect, but it is almost impossible to predict
these events
Before a financial crisis analysts highlighted the housing bubble and risky lending practices as clear indicators. But before the crisis, these signs were not widely recognized as pointing to a global collapse
Wat is Generic error modelling system theory
Explains how errors occur:
Exists out of:
Intended action: Intent was to make an error:
Unintended action: Intent was not to make an error
Waaruit bestaat intended action
Mistakes:
– Goal is wrong or the wrong plan is formed
– Rule-based: wrong-rule is followed
– Knowledge-based: incorrect or incomplete knowledge
Violation:
Intentionally deviate from rules or procedures
Deliberate action
Human-oriented?
– E.g. What kind of people violate
– E.g. Risk-averse versus more risk-taking
Context-oriented?
– Under what conditions do people violate? (enforcing conditions)
– Inappropriate rules, situational pressures, routine acceptance,…
Waaruit bestaat unintended action
Slips and lapses
– Goal is correct, but the required actions are not done properly
– Slip is a failure of execution
– Lapse is a failure of memory
Wat is er allemaal een error types in het Generic error modelling system theory
Slips
Lapses
Mistakes
Hoe kan je violations en errors oplossen
Understanding the situation and the environmental factors that
made human failure more likely
Much more efficient to understand and focus on these
environmental factors / context instead of on individual behaviour
Wat is Human Factors Engineering
A discipline concerned with the design of
tools, machines, and systems that take into account human capabilities, limitations, and characteristics
Wat zijn Human-oriented measures? en Context-oriented measures?
Human orientated:
Regular training sessions that explain the importance of rules, procedures, and their consequences if violated
Context orientated:
Foster a culture where safety and rule adherence are valued and rewarded, and violations are not tolerated
Waaruit bestaat Human Factors Engineering
What errors occur:
Design vulnerabilities
User vulnerabilities
How to design better systems:
Design reccomendations
Wat is user centered design
More connotation: fool proof design
Focusing on the potential for human error
Designs that discourage or make it impossible to use them
differently than for their intended purpose
