3 Flashcards
Wat zijn verschillende soorten effecten van technologie
Hard impact versus soft impact
Expected versus unexpected
Favourable versus non favourable
Waaruit bestaat hard impact versus soft impact
Tangible – Less-tangible
Observable – Less-observable
Tangible observable: tsjernobyl hard impact
Less tangible less observable: fear soft impact
Waaruit bestaat expected versus unexpected
The ability to predict the effects
Planned and not-planned
Something can be expected but not planned
Putting metal in microwave you expect it might happen but it is not planned
Waaruit bestaat favourable versus non favourable
Desirability of the effects
Also combined with expectibility
Unexpected non favourable
Wat zijn first second en third order effects
First-order:
Direct effects, primary goals of the technology– Expected, planned– Mostly favourable
Second-order: Unexpected, not-planned– Mostly non-favourable (but not always)
Third-order:
Effects of effects– Even more challenging to foresee
Wat is een voorbeeld van hoe first order effects niet expected en planned zijn
The seatbelt should led to more safety but people started driving more reckless
Wat is een voorbeeld van first second and third order effects
1: A company introduces an electric vehicle (EV) to reduce carbon emissions. The first-order effect is the direct reduction
2: The adoption of EVs increases demand for lithium-ion batteries, leading to second-order effects such as environmental degradation from lithium mining
3: The environmental damage from lithium mining (second-order effect) leads to stricter global regulations on resource extraction. This might increase EV costs
Wat zijn unintented use en effects
Unintended effect: mental health problems due to image filters on social media
Unintended use: Technology can be used for other purposes than it was designed fo
Wat zijn dual use technologies
Technologies that can be used for civilians and military for example drones
Wat is misuse
Someone uses a product for some purpose or in some manner other than intended for example using a knife to kill
Wat is foreseeability
Whether a designer or supplier should have foreseen a possible misuse
Wat is function creep
Information is used for a purpose that is not the initially specified purpose
For exampleuse a card to get in the building and check at what time everyone starts at work
Wat zijn potential effects of accessibility to technology
Inequality in access to technology what leads to unequal opportunities
For example some people have access to better health care technology than others
Potential effects on minority groups
Positive: deaf people could be cured
Negative: mentally diables people could be cured saying that there is something wrong with them
How does technology impact values and norms
Decrease in our respect for privacy
Influence on our tolerance regarding violence
Technology inherits the values of the maker
Wat is het cost-benefit analysis
Weigh the positive outcomes (benefits) against the negative outcomes (costs) to
determine whether the decision (for instance feature to increase safety) is
economically viable and whether the benefits justify the costs
What are the disadvantages of cost benefit analysis
Money outweights human lifes sometimes and it is hard to put human and other things such as health and safety into monetary values
Wat is de matrix van lack of knowledge about likelihood of occurrence and possible consequence
Likelihood of occurrence and knowledge about impact both from less to high
1: Ignorance: less knowledge about likelihood less knowledge about impact
2: Uncertainty: high knowledge about likelihood low knowledge about impact
3: Uncertainty: less knowledge about likelihood high knowledge about impact
4: Risk: high knowledge about likeliness high knowledge about impact
In welke ondeerdelen van de management cycle is er uncertainty
All of them
Wat is uncertainty en ignorance
Uncertainty: A situation that cannot be expressed in ‘risk’ due to lack of
knowledge/data
Data: longterm effects or testing methods
Ignorance: no idea how something will happen
Wat is het Collingridge dilemma / Control dilemma
Early phases of technological development: Technology is still malleable
But risk aspects (potential consequences, probabilities, hazards) are hard
to predict because lack of information
In the later phases:
Risk aspects are clear(er)
But technology is embedded in society and hard to change
Wat is het information en control problem in het Collingridge dilemma
Information problem: (negative) consequences of technology can be hard to estimate during (early) development
Control / Power problem: once a technology is embedded in society, it is hard to control, or implement any changes as a result of new knowledge
How to approach the control dilemma
1: Anticipation = making technology more predictable
2: Precautionary principle
3: Integration of uncertainty in the design and evaluation process of technologies
4: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Safe-by-Design
Wat is het precautionary principle
If there is a threat, which is uncertain, then some kind of action is mandatory
Wat is de kritiek op het precautionary principle
Not clear when there is a threat
Some kind of action is unclear you need to know adequate measures
It hinders innovation
Wat zijn problemen met het precautionary priciple
1: Conflicting or incoherent advice
2: Can’t deal with ignorance: There will always be surprises and unexpected developments when new
technologies are introduced into society
