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Question 1

Wat zijn verschillende soorten effecten van technologie

Answer 1

Hard impact versus soft impact
Expected versus unexpected
Favourable versus non favourable

Question 2

Waaruit bestaat hard impact versus soft impact

Answer 2

Tangible – Less-tangible
Observable – Less-observable
Tangible observable: tsjernobyl hard impact
Less tangible less observable: fear soft impact

Question 2

Waaruit bestaat expected versus unexpected

Answer 2

The ability to predict the effects
Planned and not-planned
Something can be expected but not planned
Putting metal in microwave you expect it might happen but it is not planned

Question 3

Waaruit bestaat favourable versus non favourable

Answer 3

Desirability of the effects
Also combined with expectibility
Unexpected non favourable

Question 4

Wat zijn first second en third order effects

Answer 4

First-order:
Direct effects, primary goals of the technology– Expected, planned– Mostly favourable
Second-order: Unexpected, not-planned– Mostly non-favourable (but not always)
Third-order:
Effects of effects– Even more challenging to foresee

Question 4

Wat is een voorbeeld van hoe first order effects niet expected en planned zijn

Answer 4

The seatbelt should led to more safety but people started driving more reckless

Question 4

Wat is een voorbeeld van first second and third order effects

Answer 4

1: A company introduces an electric vehicle (EV) to reduce carbon emissions. The first-order effect is the direct reduction
2: The adoption of EVs increases demand for lithium-ion batteries, leading to second-order effects such as environmental degradation from lithium mining
3: The environmental damage from lithium mining (second-order effect) leads to stricter global regulations on resource extraction. This might increase EV costs

Question 5

Wat zijn unintented use en effects

Answer 5

Unintended effect: mental health problems due to image filters on social media
Unintended use: Technology can be used for other purposes than it was designed fo

Question 6

Wat zijn dual use technologies

Answer 6

Technologies that can be used for civilians and military for example drones

Question 6

Wat is misuse

Answer 6

Someone uses a product for some purpose or in some manner other than intended for example using a knife to kill

Question 7

Wat is foreseeability

Answer 7

Whether a designer or supplier should have foreseen a possible misuse

Question 8

Wat is function creep

Answer 8

Information is used for a purpose that is not the initially specified purpose
For exampleuse a card to get in the building and check at what time everyone starts at work

Question 9

Wat zijn potential effects of accessibility to technology

Answer 9

Inequality in access to technology what leads to unequal opportunities
For example some people have access to better health care technology than others

Question 10

Potential effects on minority groups

Answer 10

Positive: deaf people could be cured
Negative: mentally diables people could be cured saying that there is something wrong with them

Question 11

How does technology impact values and norms

Answer 11

Decrease in our respect for privacy
Influence on our tolerance regarding violence
Technology inherits the values of the maker

Question 12

Wat is het cost-benefit analysis

Answer 12

Weigh the positive outcomes (benefits) against the negative outcomes (costs) to
determine whether the decision (for instance feature to increase safety) is
economically viable and whether the benefits justify the costs

Question 13

What are the disadvantages of cost benefit analysis

Answer 13

Money outweights human lifes sometimes and it is hard to put human and other things such as health and safety into monetary values

Question 14

Wat is de matrix van lack of knowledge about likelihood of occurrence and possible consequence

Answer 14

Likelihood of occurrence and knowledge about impact both from less to high
1: Ignorance: less knowledge about likelihood less knowledge about impact
2: Uncertainty: high knowledge about likelihood low knowledge about impact
3: Uncertainty: less knowledge about likelihood high knowledge about impact
4: Risk: high knowledge about likeliness high knowledge about impact

Question 15

In welke ondeerdelen van de management cycle is er uncertainty

Answer 15

All of them

Question 16

Wat is uncertainty en ignorance

Answer 16

Uncertainty: A situation that cannot be expressed in ‘risk’ due to lack of
knowledge/data
Data: longterm effects or testing methods
Ignorance: no idea how something will happen

Question 17

Wat is het Collingridge dilemma / Control dilemma

Answer 17

Early phases of technological development: Technology is still malleable
But risk aspects (potential consequences, probabilities, hazards) are hard
to predict because lack of information
In the later phases:
Risk aspects are clear(er)
But technology is embedded in society and hard to change

Question 18

Wat is het information en control problem in het Collingridge dilemma

Answer 18

Information problem: (negative) consequences of technology can be hard to estimate during (early) development
Control / Power problem: once a technology is embedded in society, it is hard to control, or implement any changes as a result of new knowledge

Question 19

How to approach the control dilemma

Answer 19

1: Anticipation = making technology more predictable
2: Precautionary principle
3: Integration of uncertainty in the design and evaluation process of technologies
4: Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and Safe-by-Design

Question 20

Wat is het precautionary principle

Answer 20

If there is a threat, which is uncertain, then some kind of action is mandatory

Question 21

Wat is de kritiek op het precautionary principle

Answer 21

Not clear when there is a threat
Some kind of action is unclear you need to know adequate measures
It hinders innovation

Question 22

Wat zijn problemen met het precautionary priciple

Answer 22

1: Conflicting or incoherent advice
2: Can’t deal with ignorance: There will always be surprises and unexpected developments when new
technologies are introduced into society