3rd Notes Flashcards
This explanation for the existence of criminal traits associates an individual’s evil disposition to physical disfigurement or impairment
Biological Determinism
Italian physician who founded the school of human physiognomy, the study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
Giambattista Della Porta
A Swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characters and Inclinations could be read from their facial features
Johann Kaspar Lavater
He published his painstakingly detailed study of facial fragments in 1783
Johann Kaspar Lavater
He developed cranioscopy
Franz Joseph Gall
He was born in Germany, a renowned neuro-anatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain
Franz Joseph Gall
Also studied phrenology or craniology which deals with the study of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the brain and the development of its various parts which is directly related to the behavior of the criminal
Charles Goring
He is a German phrenologist who was the assistant of Franz Joseph Gall
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
He was the man most responsible for popularizing and spreading phrenology to a wide audience.
Johann Kaspar Spurzheim
This refers to the study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit
Physiology or Somatotype
He is a German psychiatrist who studied philosophy and medicine at the University of Tubingen.
Ernst Kretchmer
He attempted to correlate body build and constitution with characters of temperamental reactions and mentally
Ernst Kretchmer
He constructed a classification system that associated physiology and psychology, which he outlined in “The variety of Temperature (1942)”
William H. Sheldon
He associated body types with human temperament
William H. Sheldon
He studied the lives of the members of the JUKES FAMILY
Richard Dugdale
Who is the Mother of Criminals
Ada Jukes
He claimed that since families produce generations of criminals, they must have been transmitting degenerate traits down the line.
Richard Dugdale
He studied the lives of the Kallikak Family
Henry Goddard
A famous preacher during the colonial period. Then his family tree was traced none of the descendants was found to be criminal
Sir Jonathan Edwards
This idea has long been hatched by thinkers who were consumed by the belief that it is the psychological equivalents that prod the person to act the way he does.
Psychological Determinism
Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
He believed that man carry with him residue of the most significant emotional attachments of his childhood, which then guide future interpersonal relationship
Sigmund Freud
He founded the PSYCHOANALYTIC (Psychodynamic) THEORY OF CRIMINALITY
Sigmund Freud
Theory of criminality attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to a conscience that is overbearing which arouses feelings of guilt or a conscience that is so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses and the need for immediate gratification.
Psychoanalytic Theory
the most basic human drive present at birth (the instinct to preserve and create life). An expressed sexually.
Eros
If conflict is encountered during any of the psychosexual stages of development, an adult will exhibit
behavior traits characteristic of those encountered during infantile sexual development
Fixated Person
theories assume that the lawbreaker does not have a great mental sickness that causes him to commit crimes but rather, he commits crime because of everyday emotional problems that made him unable to cope.
Emotional Problems Theory
the physiological cause can be identified, such as head injuries that left the mind blank, senility, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease
Organic Disorder
characterized by strange behavior that cannot be traced to any known organic disease
Functional Disorder
Example of this disorders are those people with no apparent brain sickness who hear voices that other do not hear, or who see things that others do not see
Functional Disorder
a common type of mental disorder used to explain criminal behavior
Neurosis
also referred to as hysteria or neurasthenia
Neurosis
A more serious type of mental disorder, which can be organic or functional
Psychosis
Gradual impairment of the intellect, characterized by delusions or hallucination.
Paranoia
It maintains that human actions are developed through learning experiences
Behavior Theory
it focuses on mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve problems
Cognitive Theory
Theory that focus on psychiatric make up of the individual criminal, stating among others that human intelligence is a big factor in criminality
Mental Deficiency Theory
advanced by Jean Piaget who holds that children evolve through four stages of cognitive development
Moral Development theory
In this Theory , Lawrence Kohlberg stated that children strive to maximize pleasure and avoid punishment
Muti-Stage Theory of moral evolution
It attempts to explain how people acquire predispositions towards certain behavior
Personality Theory
t proposes that people Internalize moral codes more through the process of socialization learning behaviors through interaction with others.
Social learning theory
person are prone to commit malicious damage to property and unnatural sex offenses
Mental Deficiency
Their mentality is compared to a 2 years old person.
Idiot
Their mentality is like a child of 2 to 7 years old
Imbecile
Not amounting to imbecility is yet so pronounce that they required care, supervision and control for their own or for the protection of others
Feeble minded person
This is something called dementia praecox which is a form of psychosis characterized by thinking disturbance and regression to a more relatively impaired and intellectual functions are well preserve.
Schizophrenia
this is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something
Compulsive Neurosis
a type of impulse control disorder that is characterized by being unable to resist starting fires
Pyromania
The irresistible urge to kill somebody.
Homicidal Compulsion
a mental health condition where a person feels an uncontrollable urge to steal things.
Kleptomania
the compulsive desire to drink alcohol.
Dipsomania
this is the most important cause of criminality among youthful offenders and habitual criminals
Psychopathic personality
this is a condition characterized by conclusive seizure and a tendency to mental deterioration.
Epilepsy
There is complete loss of consciousness and general contraction of the muscles
Grand Mal
mild or complete loss of consciousness and contraction of muscles
Petit Mal
localized contraction of muscle with or without loss of consciousness
Jakonism Type
this is a form of vice causing mental disturbance
Alcoholism
this is another form of vice which cause strong mental disturbance.
Drug addiction
Sociological factors refer to things, places and people with whom we come in contact with and which play a part in determining our actions and conduct
Sociological Determinism
One of the founding scholars of sociology
Emile Durkheim
Published a book, “Division of Social Labor”, which became a landmark work on the organization of societies
Emile Durkheim
He introduced the Theory of Imitation, which governs the process by which people become criminals
Gabriel Tarde
forerunner of modern-day learning theorists
Gabriel Tarde
He repudiated the free will doctrine of the classicists
Adolphe Quetelet
He founded what is known as the CARTHOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY, together with ANDRE MICHAEL GUERRY
Adolphe Quetelet
A member of the Italian parliament
Enrico Ferri
He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because they did not choose to commit crimes but was driven to commit them by conditions of their lives.
Enrico Ferri
He traced the roots of criminal behavior not on physical features but in their psychological equivalents which he called “moral anomalie.s
Raffaele Garofalo
The study of sociology provides many ideas and opinions that help in understanding why a person becomes a criminal.
SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND CRIME CAUSATIONS
Also called rules of conduct
Social Norms
This refers to the learning process by which a person learns and internalizes the ways of society so that he can function and become an active part of society.
Socialization
This refers to the system of values and meanings shared by a group of individuals including the embodiment of those values and meanings in a material object.
Culture
This may also refer to the way of life, modes of thinking, acting and feeling
Culture
views that disadvantage economic class position is a primary cause of crime.
Social Structure Theory
Focuses on the conditions within the urban environment that affect crime rates
Social Disorganization Theory
Also called differential social organization
So ial Disorganization Theory
Holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the goals people have and the means they can use to legally obtain them.
Strain Theory
improved the anomie concept and identified the problem as the gap between the ideals of the society and the arbitrary realities of one’s determining birth position within the social structure.
Robert Merton
Delinquent boys, 1955 expands the concept of strain theory which includes not only material goals but also social status and others.)
Albert Cohen
Theorizes that in order to cope with social isolation and economic deprivation, members of the lower class create an independent subculture with its own set of rules and values
Cultural Deviance Theory
Combines the elements of both strain and disorganization theories.
Cultural Deviance Theory
the concept that conduct norms are passed down from one generation to the next so that they become stable within the boundaries of a culture
Cultural Transmission
Different Groups learn different conduct norms, and that the conduct norms of some groups may clash with conventional middle class rules. It defines what is considered appropriate or normal behavior and what inappropriate or abnormal behavior is and considered as the source of delinquent behaviors
Culture Conflict Theory
views that criminality is a function of people’s interaction with various organization, Institutions, and process in society.
Social Process Theory
Believes that crime is a product of learning the norms, values and behaviors associated with criminal activity
Social Learning Theory
This Theory was formulated by Edwin Sutherland
Differential Association Theory
Believes that criminality is a function of a learning process that could affect any individual in any culture
Differential Association Theory
According to this theory, people strike a balance between being “all-deviant” and “all-conforming.”
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY
This maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activities
Social Control Theory
ties a person has to the institutions and process of society.
Social Bond
according to Walter Reckless, it is the idea that strong self-image insulates a youth from the pressures and pulls of criminogenic influences in the environment.
Containment Theory
Holds that people enter into law-violating careers when they are labeled for their acts and organize their personalities around the labels.
SOCIAL REACTION THEORY
Social Reaction Theory also called
LABELING THEORY
