3rd 30 Flashcards
Range of motion in a joint or group of joints
Highly specific to the joint
Health outcomes hypothesized to be associated with flexibility are prevention of and relief from low-back pain, prevention of musculoskeletal injury, and improved posture.
The strength of any associations for specific flexibility tests in youth is minimal.
Flexibility
Well-known association between cardio respiratory endurance and health outcomes in adults
Measurement of cardiorepiratory endurance in youth and its relationship to health outcomes is relatively new to the literature
Clear relationships between cardio respiratory endurance and several health risk factors, including adiposity and cardio metabolic risk factors.
Aerobic fitness
Less response to training (functional/environmental)
Less direct relationship of fitness to health
Further “out” (older) the more the relationship emerges
Bi-modal distribution
Very fit
Not at all fit
Skeletal muscle and size are significant factors (structural)
Summary of youth
Functional- ADL (activities of daily living)
Quality of life
Longevity
Independence
Fitness- health and predictive of function (?) CVE Strength and endurance Flexibility Balance Obesity
Older adults (65+ years)
Take care of own needs (dressing self)
Batheself using tub or shower
Walk 1-2 blocks
Do light household (cooking, sweeping, dishes)
Climb up and down 1 flight of stairs
Do shopping (3-4 blocks or 400 yards)
Lift and carry a bag of groceries
Walk 1 mile
Lift and carry 25 pound (1 suitcase)
Do heavy household (vacuum, scrub floors, rake leaves)
Do strenuous activity (hiking, digging garden, moving heavy objects)
Composite functional scale
30 second chair stand
30 second arm curl
6 minute walk or 2 minute step test ( raise knee)
Chair sit and reach
Back scratch
8-foot up and go (sit, stand, walk 8 ft, return)
Older Adults Fitness
Fitness test was valid
Test predicted physical mobility
Test predicted independent living later in life
Never too late to start
results
Older adults have reduced muscle mass
Predicts Max V02
Enhances balance
Older adults are afraid of falling
Older adults are less active
What explains loss with age
Childhood activity and fitness
Moderate tracking of physical activity
No evidence for fitness
Fitness and activity in adults
Evidence that PA and fitness predict older adult activity and independence
Reduce disease risk
Reduce medical costs
Reduce premature death
Fitness and activity
Institute of Medicine
IOM report on Fitness testing
IOM report “educating the student body
60 minutes of physical activity daily
Decline in activity over 30-40 years
don’t know much about PA during school
Policy and incentives are important
Recommendations
Physical activity
Public health
CDC started a unit (and studying) in 1996
Increasing physical education in schools was a goal in 1990for healthy people
It has since been removed (they gave up)
History of PA in history
Difficult to measure
Self-report
Monitors
Use outcome (fitness)
Clarity of PA to health (particularly in kids) is missing
Little information on policy
Schools vary greatly
Thus, issues are discussed
Physical activity
Metabolic equivalent
One MET:
Rate of energy expenditure while a person is at rest
Is equivalent to an oxygen uptake of about 3.5 ML/KG body weight x min.
Relative to body weight and time
Method of standardizing activity
Kids tend to have higher METS for the same activity
METS
Younger or more “fit” feel good during +6 MET activity
Older or less fit feel like they are working harder at the same rate
Increasing activity is therefore complex
Physical
Psychological
Actual vs. Perceived
