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3N055 CDCs > 3N055 Vol 2 > Flashcards

3N055 Vol 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What determines the color of light from the transmission source?
A
  1. Wavelength.
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2
Q
  1. How is wavelength measured?
A
  1. As the distance between corresponding parts of two consecutive waves.
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3
Q
  1. What is the common term for the straight line that represents the radius of the wave radiating from the point source?
A
  1. A ray of light.
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4
Q
  1. Define frequency of light.
A
  1. The number of waves that pass a given point within a given unit of time.
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5
Q
  1. What is another name for frequency?
A
  1. Hertz.
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6
Q
  1. What color do wavelengths from 600?700 nm give the human eye the sensation of seeing?
A
  1. Red.
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7
Q
  1. What are the three primary colors of light?
A
  1. Red, blue, and green.
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8
Q
  1. What is the wavelength range of the infrared portion of the spectrum?
A
  1. 700 to 15,000 nm.
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9
Q
  1. What is the approximate speed of light in a vacuum?
A
  1. Approximately 186,000 miles per second.
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10
Q
  1. What type of reflection occurs when light strikes a mirror?
A
  1. Specular.
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11
Q
  1. What type of mediums transmits light?
A
  1. Transparent and translucent.
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12
Q
  1. At what angle does a normal ray of light strike a medium?
A
  1. Perpendicular or 90 degrees.
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13
Q
  1. What problem does dispersion create in lens design?
A
  1. The various components of light that make up the total image will not focus at the same plane.
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14
Q
  1. Explain three things that must occur for an object to have a green appearance.
A
  1. (1) Light source must contain green wavelengths. (2) Object must reflect green wavelengths. (3) Object must absorb other wavelengths.
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15
Q
  1. What do we call light that vibrates in only one plane?
A
  1. Polarized.
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16
Q
  1. What is the standard unit for measuring color temperature?
A
  1. Kelvin.
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17
Q
  1. Define soft light.
A
  1. A uniform light that spreads in all directions and creates few shadows.
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18
Q
  1. What is the optical center of a lens?
A
  1. A point, usually (but not always) within a lens, at which the rays of light from two sources entering the lens are assumed to cross.
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19
Q
  1. What unit is normally used to express focal length?
A
  1. Millimeters.
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20
Q
  1. What two factors determine the speed of a lens?
A
  1. (1) The focal length. (2) The diameter of the aperture opening.
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21
Q
  1. What are all the full f/stops between 1 and 64?
A
  1. 1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, 45, and 64.
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22
Q
  1. By how much light does a change from f/16 to f/8 increase the exposure?
A
  1. Four times the amount.
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23
Q
  1. When the lens is set to the automatic or program mode, what is the only method for determining the f/stop setting?
A
  1. Looking through the view finder in the camera.
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24
Q
  1. What is hyperfocal distance?
A
  1. The distance from a lens? optical center to the nearest point in acceptably sharp focus when the camera is focused on infinity.
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25
Q
  1. What happens when you switch to a lens with a shorter focal length and smaller aperture?
A
  1. The hyperfocal distance becomes shorter.
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26
Q
  1. What is depth of field?
A
  1. The range of distances in adequate focus on each side of the plane that’s focused upon.
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27
Q
  1. What four factors control the depth of field for a lens?
A
  1. (1) Focal length of lens. (2) Size of the circle of confusion. (3) Number used. (4) The distance from the lens to the object on which it is focused.
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28
Q
  1. On a 35mm camera system, where do you find the depth of field scale?
A
  1. Usually on the lens barrel and sometimes on the camera body.
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29
Q
  1. To what does the term ?resolving power? refer?
A
  1. The ability of a photographic lens or material to record or resolve fine detail.
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30
Q
  1. Resolving power results from the combination of what two factors?
A
  1. The lens and image sensor used.
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31
Q
  1. Why is photographic definition subjective?
A

1 It is an impression formed by the observer when viewing a photograph. The concept depends on the viewer and the situation involved.

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32
Q
  1. What four factors determine the photographic definition of a print?
A

2 (1) Resolution. (2) Sharpness. (3) Pixelization. (4) Tonal reproduction.

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33
Q
  1. What usually causes lines that bend or curve at the image plane?
A
  1. Lens distortion.
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34
Q
  1. What forms color fringes around image points?
A
  1. Chromatic aberration.
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35
Q
  1. What causes horizontal lines to be out of focus when vertical lines are in focus?
A
  1. Astigmatism.
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36
Q
  1. What is caused by the inability of a lens to bring oblique rays of light to a common point with equal magnification and brightness?
A
  1. Coma.
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37
Q
  1. Why does a lens manufacturer incorporate spherical aberration into a portrait lens?
A
  1. To give softness to the image.
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38
Q
  1. Which type of distortion causes straight lines to give a barrel effect?
A
  1. Curvilinear distortion.
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39
Q
  1. Name the two types of flare.
A
  1. (1) Mechanical. (2) Optical.
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40
Q
  1. Which type of flare is caused by a small reflective scratch on a lens shade?
A
  1. Mechanical.
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41
Q
  1. Which type of flare is generally present in most lenses with more than one element?
A
  1. Optical flare.
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42
Q
  1. Why are lenses coated with transparent colored material?
A
  1. The coating minimizes internal reflections and thereby reduces optical flare.
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43
Q
  1. What is the approximate lens coverage for a normal lens?
A
  1. 45 degrees, or the approximate angle covered by the human eye.
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44
Q
  1. What focal length lens is considered to be normal for a 35mm camera?
A
  1. 50mm.
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45
Q
  1. What are two advantages of using a wide angle lens?
A
  1. Wider subject area than a normal focal length lens at a given lens-to-subject distance; greater depth of field than a normal lens; allow the photojournalist to use perspective for emphasis.
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46
Q
  1. What is the biggest disadvantage of using a wide angle lens?
A
  1. The converging (distortion) of the image from the edges toward the center of the lens.
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47
Q
  1. Describe the basic design of all telephoto lenses.
A
  1. A positive element in front of and separated from a negative rear element.
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48
Q
  1. How does the term ?compression? apply to a telephoto lens?
A
  1. Compression of distant objects creates a sense that the background elements are larger than a normal perspective and enhances objects such as the sun and moon.
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49
Q
  1. How does the zoom lens change focal lengths?
A
  1. Changing the distance between the positive and negative elements of a zoom lens changes the focal length of the lens.
50
Q
  1. What are the three disadvantages of the zoom lens?
A
  1. (1) Loss of lens speed. (2) Loss of image sharpness compared to a fixed focal length lens of the same focal length. (3) Greater chances of problems with refraction, diffraction, and loss of image quality.
51
Q
  1. What is the macro lens designed for?
A
  1. To be used for small object distances at scales of reproduction larger than 1:1.
52
Q
  1. What are two disadvantages of using the macro lens?
A
  1. (1) Extremely short depth of field. (2) Reduction in the amount of light striking the subject, making a tripod or high ISO necessary.
53
Q
  1. What are the two types of fish-eye lenses?
A
  1. (1) Circular (2) Full-frame.
54
Q
  1. How would you know the proper procedures to follow if a camera is subjected to salt water damage?
A
  1. By checking with the maintenance section prior to any given situation that might involve hazardous conditions.
55
Q
  1. When you use canned air to clean glass surfaces, what procedures should you follow?
A
  1. Hold can at least 8?10 inches from the surface and apply in short bursts to remove dust and lint.
56
Q
  1. Explain the shotgun method of shooting.
A
  1. Shooting almost every angle, f-stop, shutter speed, and so forth in the hope that some of the pictures will be usable.
57
Q
  1. Why does daylight shift towards the red portion of the spectrum at sunrise and sunset?
A
  1. The dust and vapor particles in the atmosphere tend to scatter the shorter, blue light waves more than they do the longer, red light waves.
58
Q
  1. Why is a bright sunny day not always the best time of day for photography?
A
  1. The sun casts dark shadows that lack detail and highlights that are extremely bright (high lighting ratio).
59
Q
  1. What is the ideal lighting ratio for a digital camera?
A
  1. 1:3 or lower.
60
Q
  1. What is the best choice of natural lighting direction for a group picture?
A
  1. Frontlighting.
61
Q
  1. What is the best lighting direction for photographing a raised or textured surface?
A
  1. Sidelighting.
62
Q
  1. Which type of lighting is best suited to produce silhouettes?
A
  1. Backlighting.
63
Q
  1. Why does a gas flame appear blue and green while the tips of the flame appear yellow?
A
  1. The hotter the flame gets, the higher the Kelvin temperature becomes.
64
Q
  1. Why is it important that you do not touch a new quartz halogen bulb with your bare fingers?
A
  1. The finger prints eventually etch into the lamp and cause the lamp to shatter or explode.
65
Q
  1. What is the determining factor for the color of light that a fluorescent light tube produces?
A
  1. The phosphor coating that converts the ultraviolet radiation into visible light.
66
Q
  1. What is the Kelvin rating for the photoflood No. 1?
A
  1. 3200.
67
Q
  1. What computations are usually involved with exposure control of manual electronic flash units?
A
  1. Guide numbers, f/stops, and distance.
68
Q
  1. Why are automatic flash units good at saving battery power?
A
  1. Because the capacitor is usually only partially discharged each time the flash is fired.
69
Q
  1. When you use a flash unit indoors, what three factors must be considered?
A
  1. (1) Color of the subject, (2) color of the room, and (3) size of the room.
70
Q
  1. What is one of the first precautions to remember when you use an automatic flash unit?
A
  1. Program the ISO and choose the f/stop you are going to use.
71
Q
  1. What is the major advantage of using a dedicated flash?
A
  1. It automatically selects proper shutter speed and sets the aperture.
72
Q
  1. What is the maximum focal length for a lens that is used with most wide angle flash adapters?
A
  1. 35mm.
73
Q
  1. What is a type of rating given for the measurement of the light output of flash units?
A
  1. Watt seconds.
74
Q
  1. What is a major advantage in choosing bounce flash over direct flash?
A
  1. It eliminates or at least softens any harsh shadows.
75
Q
  1. If your sync cord for the flash is defective, what alternate method of flash photography can you utilize?
A
  1. Open flash.
76
Q
  1. Explain the painting with light technique when you use flash.
A
  1. The procedure is to walk about the exposure area aiming and firing the flash unit at the subject or bouncing the light off ceilings or walls from a predetermined distance during exposure.
77
Q
  1. What is the key element in multiple image flash photography?
A
  1. Thyristor-type flashes with fast recycling or a stroboscope.
78
Q
  1. What are the two types of syncro-sun flash?
A
  1. (1) Synchro-sun fill flash and (2) synchro-sun main flash.
79
Q
  1. What determines the flash output level in matrix-balanced fill flash?
A
  1. The microcomputer automatically chooses the flash output level determined by the combination of brightness and degree of contrast.
80
Q
  1. In the equation E = I x T, what do I and T represent?
A
  1. I= Intensity, T=Time.
81
Q
  1. What speed (or sensitivity) rating is twice as slow as ISO 400?
A
  1. 200 ISO.
82
Q
  1. What are some of the most common range of shutter speeds for a camera?
A
  1. 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and up.
83
Q
  1. What does the number 4 represent on the shutter speed dial?
A
  1. 1/4th of a second.
84
Q
  1. Moving the shutter speed dial from 1/125 to 1/1000 decreases exposure by how many f/stops?
A
  1. Three f\stops.
85
Q
  1. To what does lens speed refer?
A
  1. The widest aperture of the lens.
86
Q
  1. If the proper exposure is 1/60 at f/11, what is an equivalent exposure if you change the shutter speed to 1/500?
A
  1. 1/500 at F 4.0.
87
Q
  1. What two factors determine proper exposure?
A
  1. (1) Subject brightness and (2) ISO.
88
Q
  1. Explain scene brightness range.
A
  1. The relative difference between the highlights and the shadows.
89
Q
  1. Why is visual estimation important?
A
  1. You have to be able to determine exposure if you are having an equipment malfunction. Visual estimation also helps you diagnose an equipment malfunction.
90
Q
  1. After you check the battery in a light meter, what is the next step involved in taking a reading?
A
  1. Set the ISO.
91
Q
  1. Why might a reflective meter misread a white subject in a white scene?
A
  1. It concludes that there must be an enormous amount of illumination and tells you what exposure is required to record the subject as 18 percent gray.
92
Q
  1. How do reflective light meters read the scene?
A
  1. They read the intensity of light reflected from the subject.
93
Q
  1. What is the most common type of single lens reflex (SLR) meter?
A
  1. Weighted metering.
94
Q
  1. How does matrix metering work?
A
  1. Matrix meters work by dividing your image into a grid. Each cell of the grid is metered and then the camera?s internal computer calculates an average metering that works for the entire scene. It measures five segments, determines overall scene brightness, and analyzes each area for scene contrast.
95
Q
  1. What type of meter is a spot meter?
A
  1. A reflectance light meter.
96
Q
  1. How do you calculate a brightness range reading?
A
  1. By taking two readings?one each in a highlight and shadow area. Then, set your camera for an exposure that is midway between the two readings.
97
Q
  1. Explain how to take a light reading from the palm of your hand.
A
  1. Make sure the light approximates that which falls on your subject?s face. Take the reading and open up one f/stop.
98
Q
  1. What item must be available for a substitution reading?
A
  1. A gray card.
99
Q
  1. What do flash meters measure?
A
  1. The intensity of the light coming from the flash unit.
100
Q
  1. If you are taking a multiple flash reading, why must you take individual readings from each flash?
A
  1. To ensure you are reading the measurement of each flash unit and not a combined measurement.
101
Q
  1. What situations might you use a multiple flash set-up?
A
  1. Light portraits, large groups of people or to photograph a subject that has considerable depth.
102
Q
  1. What is a slave unit?
A
  1. Photoelectric cells that convert light to an electrical output. They sense the light from the unit attached to the camera and close the firing circuitry for the unit to which it is attached.
103
Q
  1. What is the single most important feature of your photographic equipment?
A
  1. The owner?s manuals.
104
Q
  1. What are the primary colors?
A
  1. Red, blue, and green.
105
Q
  1. What are the secondary colors?
A
  1. Magenta, cyan, and yellow.
106
Q
  1. Why is a yellow filter called a minus blue filter?
A
  1. Yellow subtracts (absorbs) blue
107
Q
  1. As you photograph a track and field event, you wish to use a shutter speed of 1/2 second to produce an effective panning shot. The slowest shutter speed you can achieve without a filter through equivalent exposures is 1/30 second. To use a 1/2 second exposure, what filter factor do you have to select?
A
  1. 16.
108
Q
  1. Suppose you are going to use a filter with a factor of 2. Without changing the shutter speed, what is your new aperture if your basic exposure is f/8 at 1/250?
A
  1. f 5.6.
109
Q
  1. For the following situation, determine whether a neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer. a. Outdoor portraiture on a sunny day using an ISO of 400.
A
  1. a. Use a neutral density. Most portraits require isolation of the subject and limited depth of field. Without the filter, the entire image will have sharp contrast. With neutral density, the viewer?s eyes will go directly to the subject without being distracted by an overpowering background or foreground.
110
Q
  1. For the following situation, determine whether a neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer. b. Hawaiian surfing pictures where a slow shutter speed is to be used to show motion.
A

b. Use a neutral density. Requires a slow shutter speed outdoors.

111
Q
  1. For the following situation, determine whether a neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer. c. Close-up shot of a flower where depth of field is important.
A

c. Do not use a neutral density as you will lose depth of field.

112
Q
  1. For each of the following situations, determine whether a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer. a. Photographing ducks on a pond.
A

Do not polarize the water. The water will not reflect the light and the duck will appear to be on a black or dark surface.

113
Q
  1. For each of the following situations, determine whether a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer. b. Photographing a window display.
A

Use a polarizing filter because it eliminates unwanted reflections.

114
Q
  1. For each of the following situations, determine whether a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer. c. Photographing a basketball game with electronic flash.
A

Not necessary. Fast, indoor action is unlikely to constantly produce unwanted reflections.

115
Q
  1. For each of the following situations, determine whether a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer. d. Scenics at midday.
A

Use a polarizing filter. It darkens the sky if you use it 90 degrees off axis from the sun.

116
Q
  1. Why does the UV2B provide better UV elimination than the Skylight 1A?
A
  1. Because the UV2B eliminates all wavelengths below 380 nm, while the Skylight 1A eliminates only 1 percent of the UV spectrum.
117
Q
  1. What effect does a UV filter have on color balance and exposure?
A
  1. None.
118
Q
  1. Why can a UV filter be used for most photographic situations?
A
  1. Because the filter provides some haze reduction in the UV range, has very little density and virtually no effect on exposure.
119
Q
  1. What benefit is derived from keeping a UV filter permanently attached over your lens?
A
  1. It helps protect the lens from damage.
120
Q
  1. What are the two main disadvantages of using special-effects filters?
A
  1. Overuse makes your photos dull and some loss of image contrast is apparent.
121
Q
  1. If a gel filter becomes discolored or scratched, what should you do?
A
  1. Dispose of the gel filter.

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