3A reproduction Flashcards
what are the two types of reproduction
asexual and sexual
in sexual reproduction what specialized sex cells are produced
gametes
what are the two types of gametes
sperm (mobile male gamete), ovum (stationary female) (pl. OVA)
what is fertilisation?
when the sperm moves to the egg and fuses to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops an embryo
what is the single cell formed by fertilization?
zygote
what happens in asexual reproduction
there are no gametes or fertilisation!
cells in one part of the body divide by mitosis to form a structure that breaks away from the parent body and grows into a new organism.
what are some types of asexual reproduction?
budding (reproducing by having the cell walls divide to form a small version of the adult which eventually breaks off), fission (separation of a body into two new bodies)
organisms that reproduce asexually
Hydra, starfish
organisms that reproduce sexually
humans, birds, fish
is fertilisation involved in asexual reproduction
no
are the formation of gametes by meiosis involved in asexual reproduction
no only in sexual
how do the offspring of (a)sexual reproduction compare to other offspring and parent/s
asexual: genetical identical copies
sexual: a lot of genetic variation
pros and cons of asexual reproduction
PROS
- more efficient
- faster
- all good characters preserved
- more reliable
CONS
- if environment changes all individuals who haven’t adapted enough will be affected (could die out)
- bad traits, genetic mutations
- unable to adapt to change may cause overcrowding
pros and cons of sexual reproduction
PROS
- les likely to die due to genetic variation because they are able to adapt
- means offspring won’t receive parents’ disadvantages
CONS
- need to find another parent
- no guarantee fertilisation will take place
- takes longer
what is a gene
a section of DNA that determines a particular characteristic of feature. Genes can be found in the nucleus of a cell on the chromosones
what is mitosis?
cells divide by mitosis meaning the new cells that are produced are identical copies of the original cell
what are the 4 stages of any sexual reproduction?
- gametes are produced
- male gamete is transferred to the female gamete
- fertilisation must occur - sperm cell fuses with the egg
- zygote formed develops into new individual
where are gametes produced and how
sperm-testes
eggs-ovaries
both are produced when cells inside these organs divide
they are produced by MEIOSIS - which produces cells that are not genetically identical and have only half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
what is Meiosis?
MEIOSIS - which produces cells that are not genetically identical and have only half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
what are cells that have full number of chromosones?
diploid
what are cells that have hlaf the normal no. number of chromosones?
haploid
explain fertilisation in detail
once the sperm has reached the egg, its nucleus must enter the egg and fuse with the nucleus. As each gamete has only half the normal no chromosomes, the zygote formed by fertilisation will have full no chromosomes.
In humans, the sperm and egg have only 23 chromosomes and a zygote has 46, like all other cells
what does fertilisation do?
restore diploid chromosone number
adds additional layer of genetic variation
what is special about sperm and eggs
- sperm has flagellum
- they are all unique as they are formed by meiosis therefore, each time they are brought together there is a diff combo of genes
- an extra membrane (fertilisation membrane) prevents addisitonal sperm form entering when the nucleus of a sperm cell has already gotten in
why must a zygote have complete no. cells
to be able to divide by mitosis repetedly
what happens in each gender during sexual intercourse
sperm, produced in the testes by meiosis, passes along the sperm duct and is mixed with fluid from seminal vesicles. this is called semen and is ejaculated through the urethra into vagina. Sperm begins to swim to oviducts. There may be an egg which cna be fertilised.