Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology MA > 1 - nature and variety of living organisms > Flashcards

1 - nature and variety of living organisms Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what characteristics do all organisms share?

A

they require nutrition
they respire
they excrete their waste
they respond to their surroundings (sensitivity)
they move
they control their internal conditions
they reproduce
they grow and develop
(MRS H GREN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

label/ name what would (not) be in a typical animal cell

A

nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, and cytoplasm.
they don’t have any chloroplast - therefore can’t photosynthesise. they have no cell walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

label/ name what would (not) be in a typical plant cell

A

cell wall, cell membrane (inside cell wall), vacuole, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts (for photosynthesis), nucelus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an organelle

A

a structure in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the largest organelle? what does it do?

A

Nucleus - controls activities of the cell. Contains chromosomes (in human cells) which carry genetic material, or genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do genes do? how does this happen?

A

controls the activity in the cell by determining which proteins the cell can make. The DNA remains in the nucleus but the instructions for making the proteins are carried out of the nucelus to the cytoplasm, where proteins are assembled on ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do enzymes do in the cell?

A

control the chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

site of respiration (releases energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the cell wall of a plant made out of?

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do plants store carbohydrates? where does it go?

A

as starch or sucrose
starch is often found inside of the plant and sucrose is transported around the plant and is sometimes stored in fruits and other plant organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are examples of plants?

A

flowering plants like maize
herbaceous legume like peas or beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are examples of animals?

A

mammals like humans
insects like horsefly and mosquito

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are examples of fungi?

A

Mucor (which has the typical hyphal structure)
yeast - unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are examples of protoctists?

A

Amoeba (lives in pond water and has features of an animal cell), Chlorella (more like plant cells with chloroplasts), Plasmodium (pathogen causing malaria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

and plants and animals multicellular?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do animlas often store carbs?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does photosynthesis do?

A

the process uses light and energy to convert simple inorganic molecules such as water and carbon dioxide into complex organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do most animals have?

A

nervous coordination to be able to move from one place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does vertebrate/invertebrate mean

A

they have a vertebral column, invertabrates lack this feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are fungi multicellular or unicellular?

A

both
e.g., mushrooms are multicellular but yeast is unicellular

21
Q

what is in a fungi cell? What is not in a fungi cell?

A

cell wall (made of chitin), cell membrane surface, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleus
there are never chloroplasts and cant carry out photosynthesis

22
Q

what is the cell wall of fungi made of?

A

chitin

23
Q

what is the structure of fungi?

A

their body is organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae which can contain multiple nuclei. their cell wall is made of chitin

24
Q

what is hyphae?

A

thread like fillaments

25
Q

what is mycelium

A

a network of hyphae

26
Q

how do fungi eat/feed?

A

they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and ab]sor[tion of organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition
e.g., when a spore of Mucor lands on food, hyphae grows out from them. the hypha grows and branches again and again, until the mycelium covers the surface of the food. the hyphae secrete digestive enzymes onto the food, breaking it down into soluble substances such as sugars which are then absorbed by mould. Eventually, the food is used up and the mould must infect another source of food by producing more spores.

27
Q

how does fungi store carbs?

A

as glycogen

28
Q

are protoctists multicellular?

A

no - they are microscopic unicellular organisms

29
Q

what is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus along with other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts whereas prokaryotic cells don’t

30
Q

name the eukaryotes

A

plants, animals, fungi, protoctists

31
Q

name a prokaryotic organism

A

bacteria

32
Q

is bacteria multicellular?

A

no they are unicellular

33
Q

describe the structure of a bacteria cell

A

cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and plasmids(circular rings fo DNA carrying some of the bacterium’s genes- most bacterium have this) , they lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA (loose in cytoplasm)
(+capsule (slime layer), flagellum)

34
Q

what are some different bacterial shapes?

A

spheres (can be in singles, pairs, chains, groups), rods (singles, chains, with/without flagellum), spirals

35
Q

what are bacterial cell walls made out of?

A

complex compound of sugars and proteins called peptidoglycan

36
Q

what is an example of bacteria?

A

lactobacillus bulgaricus - rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk
pneumococcus - spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

37
Q

how does bacteria feed?

A

some carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms. In fact, they, like fungi, are important decomposers, recycling dead organisms and waste products in the soil and elsewhere

38
Q

can bacteria respond to stimuli?

A

yes- e.g., going towards food or away from harmful chemicals

39
Q

what are viruses?

A

parasites which can only reproduce inside living cells

40
Q

what is the cell in which a virus lives in called?

A

host cell

41
Q

what are virus’ made up of?

A

they are not made up of cells. thye are small particles and there is no nucleus, or cytoplasm. it is made up of a core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. this genetic material can either be DNA or a similar chemical called RNA. It has a cell membrane AKA envelope which can surround the virus particle bus it doesn’t make this (it’s stolen from the surface membrane of the host cell).
thye have a variet of shapes and sizes

42
Q

are virus’ living?

A

no- thye can’t carry out MRS H GREN
they are small particles (smaller than bacteria)

43
Q

how does a virus reproduce?

A

by entering the host cell and taking over the host’s genetic machinery to make more virus particles. After many virus particles have been made, the host cell dies and the particles are released to infect more cells. (usually, the host body system destroys the virus however sometimes it can lead to death)

44
Q

examples of virus’

A

colds, measles, mumps, polio, rubella, INFLUENZA, HIV (which leads to aids because the virus attacks the cells of the immune system) in human cells
tobacco mosaic virus in plant cells which interferes with the ability of the tobacco plant to make chloroplasts making mottled patches to develop on leaves

45
Q

label a virus cell

A
46
Q

can virus’ infect every type of living organism?

A

yes

47
Q

what can be a pathogen?

A

fungi, bacteria, protoctists, viruses

48
Q

how big are viruses, animal, and bacteria cells?

A

virus - 0.01-01µm diameter
animal - 10-50 µm diameter
bacterium - 1-5 µm diameter

49
Q
A

Biology MA (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions