3A Communicable Diseases - Malaria In Ethiopia

Question 1

What is the classification of malaria?

Answer 1

A communicable disease

Question 3

Is Ethiopia a LIDC?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

How many deaths does malaria cause globally according to the WHO?
And what percent are in Africa?

Answer 4

608,000
96%

Question 5

How is malaria spread?

Answer 5

Through vectors
Mosquitos

Question 6

How many people die every year from malaria?

Answer 6

70,000

Question 7

Is the distribution of malaria in Ethiopia uneven or even?

Answer 7

Uneven

Question 8

What percent of Ethiopia’s population are at risk of malaria?

Answer 8

2/3

Question 9

What is the food intake per person UK vs Ethiopia?

Answer 9

Ethiopia 1500 kcal
Uk 2100 kcal

Question 10

What is the population of Ethiopia?

Answer 10

123 million

Question 11

What is the life expectancy of Ethiopia?

Answer 11

66 years

Question 12

What temperature do mosquito larvae need to survive?

Answer 12

24-26 degrees

Question 13

Why can’t mosquitoes survive at higher altitude?

Answer 13

Because of the lower temperatures

Question 14

What temperature decrease does a 100 m incline equal?

Answer 14

-1 degree

Question 15

Name some areas of low transmission in Ethiopia

Answer 15

Afar
Somali

Question 16

Name some areas of high transmission in Ethiopia

Answer 16

Tigray
Gambela

Question 17

What are some environmental causes of malaria in Ethiopia?

Answer 17

Warm
Humid
Western lowlands
Ultimate breeding temperature

Question 18

What is the average temperature in malaria?

Answer 18

25 degrees

Question 19

What is the average humidity in Ethiopia

Answer 19

79.5%

Question 20

What is the peak malarial transmission?
(Environmental cause)

Answer 20

September to December

Following the June to September rains

Question 21

What are the human causes of malaria in Ethiopia?

Answer 21

Harvest time population movements from highlands to lowlands between June and September

Irrigation projects e.g. rice cultivation requires flooded fields, this expands habitats for mosquitos

Urbanization - led to waste dumps and collections of stagnant water

Farm workers often sleep in fields overnight during harvest seasons - mosquitos are most active after sunset

Malarial parasites are becoming increasingly drug resistant e.g chloroquine

Question 22

Who are the hardest hit in Ethiopia?

Answer 22

Hardest hit are the poor as they live in dwellings that offer few barriers to mosquitos

Question 23

How many cases of malaria are there each year in Ethiopia ?

Answer 23

5 million cases

Question 24

What are some socio economic impacts of malaria in Ethiopia?
( People unable to work)

Answer 24

Absenteeism, both at work and children at school, causes huge financial losses slowing economic growth
It equates to a loss in $12bn GDP

Question 25

What does malaria do to healthcare costs?
(Socio economic impacts)

Answer 25

Additional healthcare costs 40% of spending goes on healthcare

Question 26

What does malaria do to food security?

Answer 26

Creates food insecurity, farmers become ill so productivity and development is reduced Particularity in lowlands areas where malaria is endemic

Question 27

Why has malaria led to overexploitation of land and soil degradation? When were the famines due to this?

Answer 27

Because people move from Western lowlands to the central Highlands as they are malaria free This resulted devastating famines in 1980s

Question 28

What does incidence mean?

Answer 28

The rate at which new cases occur in a population during a specific period

Question 29

What does prevalence mean?

Answer 29

The proportion of a population that are cases at a point in time

Question 30

What is the prevalence of malaria?

Answer 30

3/4 of Ethiopia is considered endemic for malaria More than 60 million are at risk

Question 31

How many deaths were there in 2016?

Answer 31

4782

Question 32

What are the direct strategies to reduce malaria?

Answer 32

Spraying of dwellings Insecticides Destroy breeding sites Environment management

Question 33

What are the indirect strategies to reduce malaria?

Answer 33

Bed nets Early diagnosis Treatment Chloroquine treatment

Question 34

What percent of people believe the use of bed nets can prevent malaria?

Answer 34

94%

Question 35

What has misdiagnosis been reduced by?

Answer 35

8% to 0%

Question 36

How many people benefited from the IRS targeted areas, Gambela and BG?

Answer 36

95% spray coverage 1.3 million people benefited

Question 37

What has parasite detection increased by?

Answer 37

64% to 98%

Question 38

What are some negatives of the effectiveness of mitigation strategies?

Answer 38

Knowledge on signs and symptoms is still low - 35% Still misconceptions about the causes of malaria People don't use as much protection during low transmission seasons

Question 39

What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 39

Muscle aches Fever Nausea

Question 40

What is the classification of malaria?

Answer 40

Non communicable Infectious Endemic