2A Flashcards
What is epidemiology?
The study of incidence, distribution/ pattern, prevalence, causes, effects and possible controls of health and disease conditions
What stages of the demographic transition model are communicable diseases more prevalent?
Stages 1, 2 and 3
What stages of the demographic transition model are non communicable diseases more prevalent?
Stages 4+
What does the epidemiology transition model show?
Outlines the complex long term change in health and disease patterns. In which degenerative disease replaces infectious diseases as a country develops.
Who developed the epidemiology transition model?
Abdel omran (1971)
What happens at stage 1 of the epidemiology transition model?
The age of pestilence and famine
Life expectancy low
Poor sanitation
Infectious diseases
What happens at stage 2 of the epidemiology transition model?
The age of receding pandemics
Life expectancy above 50
Medical technology advances
What happens in stage 3 of the epidemiology transition model?
Rate of mortality slackens
Further improvement in medical technology
Man made diseases associated with the environment are more common
What happens in stage 4 of the epidemiology transition model?
The age of delayed degenerative disease
Life expectancy is mid 80s
Medical advances
What is the life expectancy during phase 1?
20 -40
What is the life expectancy of phase 2?
30 - 50
What is the life expectancy of phase 3?
50 - 60
What is the life expectancy of phase 4?
70+
Is the epidemiology transition model too optimistic?
(Reasons why)
The rate of improvement in life expectancy is slowing down in some developed countries
Significant concerns about our ability to cope with viral or bacterial diseases in a globalized world
Some who express concerns about the relationship between industrial agriculture and the destruction of natural ecosystems
What has caused an increase in non-communicable disease in AC’s?
Over nutrition
Excessive consumption of sugar, fats and salts
What causes high communicable diseases in LIDC’s ?
Poor countries
Animal borne
Water borne
Food borne
Undernutrition
Poor water quality
High temperatures
What causes cancer in India?
The burning of fossil fuels generated by transport, households, industry and agriculture
India
What is it that penetrates deep into peoples lungs?
PM2.5 and PM10
India
What is the limit the WHO sets for air pollution levels?
10 micrograms per m3
India
What is the air pollution level in India?
40!!!!!!!!!!!!!
India
How much does air pollution reduce the average life expectancy by?
660 million Indians by more than 3 years
What percent of Indias 1.2 billion breath air polluted above safe levels?
99%
What are the particulates that cause air pollution?
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Ozone
Why is indoor pollution such an issue in India?
Rural areas lack electricity
So depend on biomass fuels
Animal dung - heating
Paraffin - cooking
How many deaths is indoor pollution responsible for per year?
1 million premature deaths
What are national solutions of air pollution in India?
Launched the national clean air programme in 2019
How effective was the national clean air programme in 2019?
A year later a number of air quality measuring stations revived improving statistics
What targets did the central government set?
Set targets of a 20 - 30% reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 from 2004 to 2017
What has happened in Bihar to improve air quality?
The chimneys of brick kilns have been retrofitted to reduce smoke emissions
What has the government done about petrol and diesel subsidies?
Subsidies for petrol and diesel will be scrapped
What fraction of all electricity is produced by noxious generators powered by petrol and diesel?
1/3
What is the effectiveness of national solutions?
Criticism for not being legally binding, no penalties
