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Micro 2023 > 37 - Rhabdoviruses - Rabies and other enveloped RNA viruses > Flashcards

37 - Rhabdoviruses - Rabies and other enveloped RNA viruses Flashcards

1
Q

do Rhabdoviruses have (+) sense ssRNA or (-) sense ssRNA genome

A

(-) sense ssRNA genome

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2
Q

what are the primary reservoirs for rhabdoviruses?

A

wild mammals

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3
Q

T/F Rhabdoviruses have segmented RNA expression

A

False, non-segmented

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4
Q

how is Rhabdoviruses spread?

A

bites, scratches, and inhalation of droplets

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5
Q

T/F Rabies is almost always fatal once clinical signs/symptoms appear

A

true

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6
Q

where will the rhabdoviruses replicate

A

local replication at bite site and replication in peripheral nerves

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7
Q

where are the highest levels of rhabdoviruses found?

A

salivary glands and sensory nerves in oral mucosa

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8
Q

what is the incubation period for rhabdoviruses?

A

variable (1 day to years; 75% w/n 90 days)

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9
Q

what happens during the prodromal phase of a rhabdovirus infection?

A

fever, headache, malaise (general systemic viral signs)

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10
Q

what symptoms are present in the furious form of rhabdovirus infection?

A

encephalitis, hydrophobia, delirium, agitation, seizures

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11
Q

average time for pt to die of rabies

A

18 days after onset of clinical symptoms

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12
Q

what treatment can reduce risk of rabies infection?

A

wound cleaning/care

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13
Q

which virus is depicted as relatively large RN viruses with distinctively spaced spikes on their envelopes

A

Coronaviruses

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14
Q

what are the 3 major types of human coronaviruses

A

cold
enteric viruses
pandemic coronaviruses (e.g. SARS, MERS, CoVID-19)

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15
Q

what happens with coronavirus during early phase of replication?

A

genome is translated and polymerase is synthesized, which makes (-) sense copy of RNA

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16
Q

what happens with coronavirus during late phase of replication?

A

(-) sense RNA is used to replicate new genomes and produce 5-7 nested mRNA’s

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17
Q

up to _______% of adults are seropositive to common respiratory strains with the coronavirus epidemiology

A

90

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18
Q

what season is coronavirus more prevalent in?

A

winter and early spring

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19
Q

229E and NL63 are what type of coronavirus?

A

alpha

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20
Q

OC43, HKU1, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV are what type of coronavirus?

A

Beta

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21
Q

what cells are the primary infection with coronavirus?

A

epithelial cellswh

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22
Q

at is the incubation period for coronavirus?

A

~3 days (range 2-5); slightly longer for SARS (4; 2-10), & MERS (5, 2-14)

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23
Q

SARS virus infects and leads to destruction of the _________ epithelium

A

alveolar

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24
Q

what are the disease manifestations of Coronaviruses?

A

respiratory infection with common cold-like symptoms

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25
Q

What is the disease manifestation of SARS/MERS

A

atypical pneumonia with high fever, chills, rigors, headache, dizziness, malaise, myalgia, cough, or breathing difficulty

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26
Q

what is recommended for prevention of coronaviruses?

A

good hygiene

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27
Q

what is the mean incubation period for SARS-CoV-2

A

4-5 days (up to 14)

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28
Q

_________% of identified pt’s experienced fever, cough, or shortness of breath, _______% had muscle aches, and ________% reported headaches with SARS-CoV-2

A

70, 36, 34

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29
Q

what are example tx’s of COVID-19

A

itonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir [Paxlovid] (protease inhibitor)
Remdesivir (nucleoside analog)
Molnupiravir (nucleoside analog)
Corticosteroids (Dexamethasone)
immune modulators
monoclononal antibody therapies (EUAs)

30
Q

T/F Rubella is a ssRNA with a loose envelope

A

true

31
Q

how is rubella transmitted?

A

respiratory secretions

32
Q

when was rubella eliminated in the U.S.?

A

1966 (usually < 10 cases/year)

33
Q

what are the two clinical forms of rubella?

A

postnatal rubella (age 5-9) (generally mild, lasting only 3 days)
congenital (intrauterine) rubella (infection during the 1st trimester; likely will cause miscarriage or multiple defects)

34
Q

T/F no specific tx available for highly contagious rubella

A

True

35
Q

is Flavivirus (-) sense or (+) sense virus?

A

(+) sense, ssRNA

36
Q

is flavivirus enveloped or non-enveloped?

A

enveloped

37
Q

flavivirus will enter via ____________ mediated endocytosis

A

receptor

38
Q

where will flaviviruses replicate?

A

in membranous ER structures

39
Q

how many polyproteins are in flavivirus genome

A

single polyprotein

40
Q

what important genes are within the flavivirus genome

A

NS3 (serine protease)
NS5a (replication complex protein)
NS5b (polymerase)
These are major drug targets!

41
Q

how is hepatitis C virus primarily acquired?

A

blood contact (blood transfusions, needle sharing by drug abusers)

42
Q

what percentage of pt’s will remain infected indefinitely with hep C?

A

75-85%

43
Q

__________ can also result from chronic hep c infection

A

cancer

44
Q

what were the cons of the initial tx of hep c with pegylated interferon and ribavirin?

A

horrible side effects for a 50-50 chance of helping

45
Q

what are the cons of the new tx for hep c that target polymerase complex and protease

A

incredibly expensive ($63k-$189k)

46
Q

how are arboviruses spread?

A

arthropod vectors (e.g. mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, gnats)

47
Q

a majority of illnesses caused by arboviruses are [mild, moderate, severe] fevers?

A

mild, some may cause sever encephalitis, and life-threatening hemorrhagic fever

48
Q

what does acute arbovirus infection result in?

A

undifferentiated mild fever with rash

49
Q

what is a common complication of arbovirus infections?

A

viral encephalitis

50
Q

T/F typical arbovirus infection resolve with no long-term effects

A

True (rare complication arise with secondary infection and invasion of a target organ)

51
Q

where do vectors and viruses tend to be clustered?

A

tropics and subtropics

52
Q

____________ life cycles are closely tied to the ecology of the vectors

A

arbovirus

53
Q

what can dengue virus, west nile virus, and zika virus be grouped into?

A

flaviviruses

54
Q

example of alphavirus

A

chikungunya virus

55
Q

what will be caused by a flavivirus carried by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus?

A

Dengue

56
Q

what is a complication to dengue?

A

dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS)

57
Q

prevention for dengue?

A

dengvaxia vaccine (questionable efficacy due to possible risk of hospitalization 2 years after vaccine)

58
Q

an estimated 70-80% of human ____________ infections are subclinical or asymptomatic

A

West Nile Virus Disease

59
Q

why is there no specific tx or vaccine for west nile virus disease?

A

companies aren’t super interested as it doesn’t cause much disease

60
Q

what are the complications of zika virus?

A

assoc. with congenital microcephaly, other congenital neurological defects, and possible assoc with guillain-barre syndrome (most are asymptomatic)

61
Q

what is the common sign/symptom for chikungunya virus?

A

fever & joint pain (polyarthralgia)

62
Q

what are the hallmarks of retroviruses?

A

reverse transcription
integration into host genome

63
Q

major drug targets for general retrovirus replication

A

reverse transcription
integration
maturation (protease)

64
Q

what mediates reverse transcription?

A

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)

65
Q

T/F Reverse transcriptase is highly accurate

A

False. it is highly error-prone which allows for rapid evolution of the virus

66
Q

what are the two major types of error generated by reverse transcriptase?

A

nucleotide misincorporation
strand transfers

67
Q

what mediates the integration process of retroviruses?

A

integrase enzyme

68
Q

when does HIV-1 maturation occur?

A

during/after budding

69
Q

viral ______ cleaves polyproteins for HIV-1 maturation

A

protease

70
Q

T/F HIV transmission occurs by direct and specific routes

A

true

71
Q

Can HIV survive long outside the body?

A

No

72
Q

where is the major site of replication for HIV

A

lymph nodes in the gut

Micro 2023 (7 decks)

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