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Micro 2023 > 36 - Virology Non-Eneveloped DNA Virus > Flashcards

36 - Virology Non-Eneveloped DNA Virus Flashcards

1
Q

Nonenveloped, dsDNA viruses 36 Kb in length.
52 serotypes associated with human disease.

A

adenovirus

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2
Q

what does adenovirus infect? hwo does it spread

A

Infect lymphoid tissue, respiratory and intestinal
epithelia and conjunctiva.
Spread by respiratory and ocular secretions; fecal-
oral.

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3
Q

tx of adenovrus

A

Severe cases treated with interferon or Cidofovir,
a non-specific DNA polymerase inhibitor.

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4
Q

what virus associated with:
Inactivated polyvalent vaccine available for
military.
Live attenuated Types 4 & 7. Taken orally.

A

adenoviruses

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5
Q

disease manifestation of adenovirus

A
  1. respiratory
  2. eye
  3. UTI/acute hemorrhagic cystitis
  4. GI disease
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6
Q

Small (50-55 nm), non-enveloped, icosahedral
particles formed with 2 viral proteins.
Stable in the environment.

A

paillomavirus

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7
Q

genome of papilomavirus

A

Genome is circular dsDNA.
~8000 base pairs.
*
7-8 early (E) genes.
2 late (L) structural genes.

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8
Q

what is squamous epit growth, wart, or verruca

A

HPV

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9
Q

what causes HPv

A

100 diferent strains

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10
Q

how is HPV transmitted

A

Transmissible through direct contact or
contaminated fomites; incubation - 2 weeks to
more than a year.

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11
Q

what are most common warts that regress over time

A

HPV

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12
Q

wart treatment

A
  • Chemical applications: Podophyllin (genital), salicylic acid, other topicals.
  • Physical removal by cauterization, freezing, or laser surgery.
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13
Q

how does HPV infect tissue

A

HPVs only replicate in epithelial tissue.
Virus enters at wound and attaches to cells at the
basement membrane.
Presumably enter receptor mediated endocytosis.
Binding to genome transcription can take 1-3 days!

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14
Q

HPV replication deends on what

A

stage of epi cell differentiation

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15
Q

disease manigestations of warts

A
  1. common/seed
  2. flat
  3. plantar
  4. anogenital
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16
Q

incubation period of warts

A

3 month

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17
Q

what is painless elevated rough growth on skin

A

common/seed

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18
Q

what is deep, possible painful wart on soles of feet

A

plantar

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19
Q

what is warts of squamous epi of external genitalia and perianal areas (problematic can be malignant)

A

anogenitcal

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20
Q

disease manigestations of oral/laryngeal papillomas

A
  • Benign epithelial tumors of the oral cavity. (Commonly HPV-6 and HPV-11)
  • Typically pedunculated with a fibrovascular stalk with a rough surface.
  • Laryngeal can be life-threatening in children if airway is obstructed.
  • Occasionally found in trachea or bronchi.
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21
Q

disease manifestations of genital warts

A

certical papillomas and cancer
- HPV 16 and 18

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22
Q

carcinoma formation associated with HPV 16 and 18 results from what

A

partial integration of HPV genome resulting in high expression of the E6 and E7 genes

(why we do early detection)

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

HPV vaccines

A
  1. ceravarix (16 and 18)
  2. gardasil
  3. gardasil 9
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25
Q

orthomyxovirus is also called what

A

influenza

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26
Q

structure of infulenza

A

Enveloped, ssRNA, segmented
viruses.

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27
Q

types of flue

A

3 distinct influenza virus types: A, B, C
- Based on Ab. to core antigen.
- Type A causes most infections.

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28
Q

what does influenza traget

A

respiratory tract

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29
Q

where does virus replication occur in influenza

A

nucleus (transcribed/translated)

30
Q

key influenza envelope proteins

A
  1. hemaglutinin (H)
  2. neuraminidase (N)
  3. M2
31
Q

what does hemagglutinin do

A

faciliates binding to host cells and fusion

32
Q

influenza nomenclature

A
33
Q

how does influenza evolution occur

A
  1. antigenic DRIFT
  2. antigenic SHIFT
34
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

Constant mutation is called antigenic drift - this
produces a gradual change in amino acid
composition.
0.5% - 1% per year in both HA and NA

35
Q

what is antigenic chisft

A

Antigenic shift
occurs when one of the
genes or
RNA strands is substituted with a gene or strand
from another influenza virus from a different strain of
virus.
Produces PANDEMIC STRAINS.

36
Q

what antigenic evolution produces PANDEMIC STRAINS

A

antigenic shift

37
Q

Most important cause of medically attended acute respiratory illness.
- Seasonal flu morbidity is highest in young children and the elderly.
- High mortality pandemics are usually associated with increase incidence of lower respiratory complications, cardiovascular disease,
and pneumonia.

A

influenza A

38
Q

tranmission of influenza A

A

airborne - mechanical self-inoculation is uncertain

Binds and replicates in ciliated cells of respiratory mucosa.
Causes massive apoptosis, rapid shedding of cells, stripping the respiratory epithelium; severe inflammation.
Pulmonary abnormalities can persist for weeks.

39
Q

uncomplicated illness of influenza A

A

Fever, malaise, headache, chills, sore throat, shortness of breath,
coughing.
Pulmonary abnormalities can persist for 2-4 weeks.

40
Q

complications of influenza A

A
41
Q

what produce similar clinical signs/symptoms of A

A

B and C

42
Q

primary reservoir for influenza B and C

A

humans

43
Q

influenza B only undergoes antigenic ___

A

only DRIFT not know to do SHIFT

44
Q

how many RNA segments in influenza C

A

7 RNA

45
Q

whch influenza has the milder repiratory disease and probably not involved in epidemics

A

C

46
Q

diagnosis of influenza

A
  • Rapid immunofluorescence tests to detect antigens in a pharyngeal specimen;
  • Serological testing can be done to screen for antibody titer
47
Q

treatment of flu

A
  1. amantadine and rimantadine - M2 inhibitor
  2. zanamivir and tamiflu - NA inhibitor
  3. xofluza
48
Q

mechanism of flu treatment

A
  • M2 inhibitors (previously used)
  • NA inhibitors (currently used e.g., zanamivir and tamiflu)
49
Q

standard formulation of flu vaccine

A

quadrivalent comprised of 2 influenza A subtyeps and 2 influenza B strains

50
Q

what are traditional vaccine type for flu

A

Traditional vaccine types were trivalent and comprised of 2
influenza A subtypes and only influenza B virus.

51
Q

3 types of flu vaccines

A
  1. inactivated vaccine (traditional grown in eggs)
  2. flu mist (live attenuated)
  3. flucelvax (tissue culture derived no eggs)
52
Q

paramyxovirus structure

A
53
Q

paramyxo virus is associated with what

A

respiratory transmission and syncitia formation

54
Q

3 genera of paramyxovirus

A
  1. Morbillivirus - Measles virus
  2. Paramyxovirus - Parainfluenza 1-4; Mumps virus
  3. Pneumovirus - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
55
Q

what is this:

Also known as red measles and rubeola.
Different from German measles.
Very contagious; transmitted by respiratory aerosols
(estimated at > 90%).
Humans are the only reservoir.
Used to be less than 100 cases/yr in U.S.; frequent cause of
death worldwide (mostly in developing countries).
Virus invades respiratory tract (primary replication).
Spread into lymphatic system via monocytes and
lymphocytes (secondary infection).

A

measles

56
Q

symptoms of measles

A

Symptoms: Sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis,
lymphadenitis, fever, Koplik spots diagnostic oral lesions.

57
Q

what virus is characteristic maculopapular rash results from T cells targeting measles-infected endothelial cells lining small blood vessels.

A

measles virus

58
Q

even tho vacc has cut measles in US, how do periodic epidemics still occur

A

Herd immunity requires 90% vaccination rate.
Usually in unvaccinated populations.
May be initiated by foreign traveler.
Notable outbreaks:
* 2014- Amish community (OH)
* 2014/15- Disneyland
* 2019- Unvaccinated in NY (73%)

59
Q

complications of measles

A
60
Q

tx and prevention of measles

A
61
Q

what is:

Respiratory viruses that usually cause mild cold-
like symptoms.
Widespread as influenza, but more benign.

A

HPIV

62
Q

four serotypes of HPIV

A
  • 1,2, & 3 are commonly associated with upper respiratory infections, but also lower respiratory infections and laryngotracheobronchitis (croup).
    (3 is more often associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.)
  • Type 4 is associated with mild upper respiratory tract infections in children and adults. (Two subtypes, 4a & 4b.)
63
Q

epidemiology of parainfluenza

A
64
Q

what:

Epidemic parotitis; self-limited, associated with painful
swelling of parotid salivary glands.
Humans are the only reservoir.
40% of infections are subclinical; long-term immunity.
Used to be ~300 cases in U.S./year.

A

mumps virus

65
Q

incubation and treatment of mumps

A
66
Q

what is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) also called

A

pneumovirus

67
Q

what is this:

Infection initiates in the upper respiratory tract.
Cell-to-cell spread produces giant multinucleate cells.
Most prevalent cause of respiratory infections in
children 6 months or younger; most susceptible to
serious disease.
Epithelia of nose and eye portal of entry; replicates in
nasopharynx.
Viral and immune-mediated cell injury leading to
cytopathology.
Fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, and croup.

A

RSV

68
Q

monoclonal tx of RSV

A

Synagis- recommended for high-risk infants.
Beyfortus (nirsevimab)
Two new vaccines approved in 2023 for 60+ adults.
Pfizer vaccine approved during late pregnancy to provide
passive immunity to newborns.

69
Q

what is most common cause of lower repiratory tract infection in young children in US, infection occur primarily during fall, winter and spring.

A

RSV

70
Q

does natural immunity provice protection in RSV? what is the vaccine?

A
  • Natural immunity does not provide protection.
  • No vaccine available.
  • Previous trials exhibited enhanced disease in vaccinated individuals.

Micro 2023 (7 decks)

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