Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro 2023 > 34 - Virology > Flashcards

34 - Virology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a virus?

A

obligate intracellular parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the smallest known self-replicating orgaisms?

A

virus (20-300 nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are potential viral hosts?

A

bacteria
protozoa
fungi
algae
plants
animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

who were the 3 men credited for the discovery of viruses

A

Adolf Mayer
Dmitri Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the purpose of the capsid?

A

protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

positive sense (+) RNA is what?

A

translatable RNA (same as mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

negative sense (-) RNA is what?

A

RNA that must be copied (not translatable) into (+) RNA prior to protein expression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an ambisense RNA?

A

there are genes on both (+) and (-) sense RNA’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

energetic significance of the ocosahedral

A

most energetically favorable way to make a sphere out of flat planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the _________ ____________ of a virus is vital in transmission and its mechanism of infection

A

outer surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

do enveloped or non-enveloped viruses tend to be more stable

A

non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does the virus derive its membrane from?

A

the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F most viruses aren’t limited to a particular host, tissue, or cell type

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is host cell range determined by?

A

Host cell receptor availability for entry/binding
presence of intracellular host cell factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication

A

susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

major steps of general virus replication

A

binding/adhesion
fusion and entry into cell
uncoating
replication and gene expression
assembly
release
(maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

majority of epithelial sites that viral infections initiate at?

A

respiratory epithelia
conjunctiva
gastrointestinal tract
vaginal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F a virus can interact with any plasma membranes, carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids within membrane

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

targets of viral binding

A

cellular protein(s)
lipids (specific/non-specific)
carbohydrates (specific/non-specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

receptors may limit host-cell __________ and _________

A

range, susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does the virus enter using fusion with plasma membrane (enveloped)?

A

receptor binding causes conformation change in envelope protein resulting in fusion with cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe viral entry using endocytosis

A

internalization into endosome
pH changes causes conformation change in envelope protein and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe viral entry through plasma membrane

A

pore formation (injection) (enteroviruses)
membrane perforation (adenoviruses; reviruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when uncoating, viruses may release factors to initiate _________ and/or __________

A

replication, shut off of host cell defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what will replication complexes do during RNA viral replication
protect against innate immunity sequestration of viral components
26
most viruses will have their own specific ___________ during RNA viral replication
RNA polymerase
27
what organelle(s) are viral replication complexes assoc. with?
ER or Golgi
28
what is a huge signal for the innate immune system with RNA viruses?
dsRNA
29
T/F RNA is labile
True
30
what will provide specificity in RNA viruses?
RNA structure
31
what will determine the recruitment of cellular factors, promote translation, and package signals in RNA viruses?
RNA structure
32
what are mechanisms RNA viruses use to increase genetic capacity?
segmented RNA genome subgenomic RNA's polyprotein synthesis nested subgenomic RNA's
33
where does replication typically occur with DNA viruses?
in the nucleus
34
will DNA viruses use host machinery for replication?
may or may not depends whether virus carries a DNA polymerase
35
Which phase is DNA synthesis most efficient for DNA viruses?
S phase
36
Which DNA viruses are limited to infecting mitotically active cells
parvoviruses
37
which DNA viruses drive cellular proliferation
adenoviruses
38
T/F some DNA viruses inhibit cellular DNA synthesis
True
39
during assembly part of replication where is the genome incorporated as the core is assembled in RNA viruses? DNA Viruses?
RNA: cytoplasm DNA: nucleus
40
for enveloped viruses, where does assembly typically occur?
the site of membrane acquisition (e.g. nucleus, ER/golgi, plasma membrane)
41
steps in the replication - budding/release process?
1) lytic 2) exocytosis via cellular pathways 3) budding out plasma membrane (maturation)
42
which pathway usurps the ESCRT vesicular budding pathway
HIV
43
what is a disease that is naturally transmitted between humans and other vertebrates?
zoonoes
44
T/F humans are typically dead-end hosts
True
45
what is primary infection
infection with invasion at portal of entry
46
after replicating locally what is the term for when some of the viruses enter circulation and infect other tissues?
secondary viremia
47
what is a target cell?
the cells that are targeted by the virus and result in clinical disease
48
T/F it's likely the majority of virus infections cause no disease
True
49
enveloped viruses must remain _________!
wet
50
what environmental factors will affect transmission
temp humidity vector life-cycles (feeding/reproductive periods)
51
T/F the adaptive immune response can contribute to the clinical diesase
true, the adaptive immune response may limit or contribute to clinical disease
52
viremia may produce ___________
biphasic disease
53
what are the 2 types of persistent infections?
latent infections chronic infections
54
which viruses can result in concolytic transformation of cells
epstein-barr virus hepatitis B(DNA) and C (RNA) papillomavirus human T-cell lympohotropic virus (HTLV)
55
what are immune modulating drugs?
interferons steroids monoclonal antibodies
56
T/F vaccines will typically block infection
False, they typically do not completely block infection, but prevent disease
57
mechanisms that vaccines use to prevent disease?
rapid clearance aborting viremia blocking transmission to target organs
58
types of vaccines?
prophylactic/preventative (active) post-exposure (active and/or passive) therapeutic (active)
59
live-attenuated virus will produce both _________ and ___________ immunity to multiple targets
humoral, cellular
60
T/F inactivated vaccines usually only produce cellular immunity
False! INACTIVATED usually only produce HUMORAL
61
viral vectors will use _________ virus to express antigenic proteins of __________ viruse
attenuated, pathogenic

Micro 2023 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions