Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro 2023 > 34 - Virology > Flashcards

34 - Virology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a virus?

A

obligate intracellular parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the smallest known self-replicating orgaisms?

A

virus (20-300 nm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are potential viral hosts?

A

bacteria
protozoa
fungi
algae
plants
animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

who were the 3 men credited for the discovery of viruses

A

Adolf Mayer
Dmitri Ivanovsky
Martinus Beijerinck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the purpose of the capsid?

A

protein shell surrounding the nucleic acid genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

positive sense (+) RNA is what?

A

translatable RNA (same as mRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

negative sense (-) RNA is what?

A

RNA that must be copied (not translatable) into (+) RNA prior to protein expression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an ambisense RNA?

A

there are genes on both (+) and (-) sense RNA’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

energetic significance of the ocosahedral

A

most energetically favorable way to make a sphere out of flat planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the _________ ____________ of a virus is vital in transmission and its mechanism of infection

A

outer surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

do enveloped or non-enveloped viruses tend to be more stable

A

non-enveloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does the virus derive its membrane from?

A

the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F most viruses aren’t limited to a particular host, tissue, or cell type

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is host cell range determined by?

A

Host cell receptor availability for entry/binding
presence of intracellular host cell factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the capacity of a cell, tissue, or species to support virus replication

A

susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

major steps of general virus replication

A

binding/adhesion
fusion and entry into cell
uncoating
replication and gene expression
assembly
release
(maturation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

majority of epithelial sites that viral infections initiate at?

A

respiratory epithelia
conjunctiva
gastrointestinal tract
vaginal mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F a virus can interact with any plasma membranes, carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids within membrane

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

targets of viral binding

A

cellular protein(s)
lipids (specific/non-specific)
carbohydrates (specific/non-specific)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

receptors may limit host-cell __________ and _________

A

range, susceptibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does the virus enter using fusion with plasma membrane (enveloped)?

A

receptor binding causes conformation change in envelope protein resulting in fusion with cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe viral entry using endocytosis

A

internalization into endosome
pH changes causes conformation change in envelope protein and fusion with endosomal membrane and release into cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

describe viral entry through plasma membrane

A

pore formation (injection) (enteroviruses)
membrane perforation (adenoviruses; reviruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when uncoating, viruses may release factors to initiate _________ and/or __________

A

replication, shut off of host cell defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what will replication complexes do during RNA viral replication

A

protect against innate immunity
sequestration of viral components

26
Q

most viruses will have their own specific ___________ during RNA viral replication

A

RNA polymerase

27
Q

what organelle(s) are viral replication complexes assoc. with?

A

ER or Golgi

28
Q

what is a huge signal for the innate immune system with RNA viruses?

A

dsRNA

29
Q

T/F RNA is labile

A

True

30
Q

what will provide specificity in RNA viruses?

A

RNA structure

31
Q

what will determine the recruitment of cellular factors, promote translation, and package signals in RNA viruses?

A

RNA structure

32
Q

what are mechanisms RNA viruses use to increase genetic capacity?

A

segmented RNA genome
subgenomic RNA’s
polyprotein synthesis
nested subgenomic RNA’s

33
Q

where does replication typically occur with DNA viruses?

A

in the nucleus

34
Q

will DNA viruses use host machinery for replication?

A

may or may not
depends whether virus carries a DNA polymerase

35
Q

Which phase is DNA synthesis most efficient for DNA viruses?

A

S phase

36
Q

Which DNA viruses are limited to infecting mitotically active cells

A

parvoviruses

37
Q

which DNA viruses drive cellular proliferation

A

adenoviruses

38
Q

T/F some DNA viruses inhibit cellular DNA synthesis

A

True

39
Q

during assembly part of replication where is the genome incorporated as the core is assembled in RNA viruses? DNA Viruses?

A

RNA: cytoplasm
DNA: nucleus

40
Q

for enveloped viruses, where does assembly typically occur?

A

the site of membrane acquisition (e.g. nucleus, ER/golgi, plasma membrane)

41
Q

steps in the replication - budding/release process?

A

1) lytic
2) exocytosis via cellular pathways
3) budding out plasma membrane
(maturation)

42
Q

which pathway usurps the ESCRT vesicular budding pathway

A

HIV

43
Q

what is a disease that is naturally transmitted between humans and other vertebrates?

A

zoonoes

44
Q

T/F humans are typically dead-end hosts

A

True

45
Q

what is primary infection

A

infection with invasion at portal of entry

46
Q

after replicating locally what is the term for when some of the viruses enter circulation and infect other tissues?

A

secondary viremia

47
Q

what is a target cell?

A

the cells that are targeted by the virus and result in clinical disease

48
Q

T/F it’s likely the majority of virus infections cause no disease

A

True

49
Q

enveloped viruses must remain _________!

A

wet

50
Q

what environmental factors will affect transmission

A

temp
humidity
vector life-cycles (feeding/reproductive periods)

51
Q

T/F the adaptive immune response can contribute to the clinical diesase

A

true, the adaptive immune response may limit or contribute to clinical disease

52
Q

viremia may produce ___________

A

biphasic disease

53
Q

what are the 2 types of persistent infections?

A

latent infections
chronic infections

54
Q

which viruses can result in concolytic transformation of cells

A

epstein-barr virus
hepatitis B(DNA) and C (RNA)
papillomavirus
human T-cell lympohotropic virus (HTLV)

55
Q

what are immune modulating drugs?

A

interferons
steroids
monoclonal antibodies

56
Q

T/F vaccines will typically block infection

A

False, they typically do not completely block infection, but prevent disease

57
Q

mechanisms that vaccines use to prevent disease?

A

rapid clearance
aborting viremia
blocking transmission to target organs

58
Q

types of vaccines?

A

prophylactic/preventative (active)
post-exposure (active and/or passive)
therapeutic (active)

59
Q

live-attenuated virus will produce both _________ and ___________ immunity to multiple targets

A

humoral, cellular

60
Q

T/F inactivated vaccines usually only produce cellular immunity

A

False! INACTIVATED usually only produce HUMORAL

61
Q

viral vectors will use _________ virus to express antigenic proteins of __________ viruse

A

attenuated, pathogenic

Micro 2023 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions