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CHEMISTRY A LEVEL > 3.7 - Organic naming and Isomerism continued > Flashcards

3.7 - Organic naming and Isomerism continued Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stereoisomer/structural isomer?

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formula but have their atoms arranged differently in space.

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2
Q

What is a chiral/asymmetric carbon atom?

A

It is one that has 4 different groups attached to it.

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3
Q

What is an optical isomer/enantiomer?

A

Optical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism.

It’s possible to arrange the groups in two different ways around on a chiral carbon atom so that two different molecules are made (these molecules are called enantiomers or optical isomers)

Enantiomers are mirror images, no matter which way you turn them, they cannot be superimposed. (see page 160 in the revision guide for a picture to help understand the mirror imaging on enantiomers)

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4
Q

How do you locate the chiral carbon atom, then draw an optical isomer?

  • draw the optical isomer of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid
A

(see page 160 in the revision guide)

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5
Q

What is plan-polarised light?

A

Normal light vibrates in all directions. Plane-polarised light light only vibrates in one direction.

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6
Q

What do optical isomers do to plane-polarised light?

A

Optical isomers are optically active - they rotate plane-polarised light.

One enantiomer rotates it in a clockwise direction, and the other rotates it in an anticlockwise direction.

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7
Q

What is a racemate (or a racemic mixture)?

A

A racemate (or a racemic mixture) contains equal quantities of each enantiomer of an optically active compound.

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8
Q

Do racemates show any optical activity? Explain your answer.

A

Racemates don’t show any optical activity - the two enantiomers cancel each others light-rotating effect.

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9
Q

Why do chemists often react two chiral things together to get a racemic mixture of a chiral product?

A

Because when two molecules react there’s an equal chance of forming each of the enantiomers.

(see page 160 in the revision guide for an example)

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10
Q

What are three types of structural isomer?

A
  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
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11
Q

What is a functional group isomer?

A

Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

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12
Q

What would aldehydes and ketones of the same chain length be classified as?

A

Functional group isomers.

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13
Q

What two types of stereoisomerism is there?

A
  • Geometrical (E/Z isomerism)

- Optical isomerism

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14
Q

What similar properties do optical isomers have?

A

Optical isomers have similar physical and chemical properties.

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15
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of an aldehyde?

A

suffix -> -al

prefix -> formyl

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16
Q

What is an aldehyde’s functional group?

A
  • C = O
    |
    H
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17
Q

Give an example of an aldehyde.

A 
Ethanal
      H   O
       |    =
H - C - C - H
       |     
      H
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18
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of a ketone?

A

suffix -> -one

prefix -> -oxo

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19
Q

What is a ketone’s functional group?

A
  • C = O

|

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20
Q

Give an example of a ketone.

A 
Propanone
      H   O   H
       |     =    |
H - C - C - C - H
       |           |
      H         H
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21
Q

How do you name a molecule with two aldehyde groups?

A

put -dial and add an e to the stem (pentanedial)

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22
Q

How do you name a molecule with two ketone groups?

A

put -dione and add an e to the stem (pentane-2,4-dione)

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23
Q

How is a racemate formed?

A

A racemate will be formed in a reaction mechanism when a reactant or intermediate has a trigonal planar group in the molecule. It is attacked from both sides by an attacking species.

There is an equal chance of either enantiomer forming so a racemate forms.

No optical activity is seen.

(see page 5 in topic 3.7 in printed out revision guide for a equational diagram)

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24
Q

Draw the mechanism reaction for the addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones (unsymmetrical).
( for butan-2-one )

A
  • Nucleophilic substitution
  • Forms a racemate
    (see page 5 in topic 3.7 in printed out revision guide for the equation)
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25
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Aldehydes

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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26
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Ketones

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

27
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Carboxylic acids

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

28
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Nitriles

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

29
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Amines

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

30
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Esters

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

31
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Acyl chlorides

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

32
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Amides

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

33
Q

What is the functional group, prefix/suffix and give an example of the homologous series:
Acid Anhydrides

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

34
Q

What is the order of priority when determining which groups are named with prefix or suffix with these functional groups:

aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids
nitriles
amines
esters
amides
carboxylic acid derivative
A

Carboxylic acid > carboxylic acid derivative > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines > alkenes > halogenoalkanes

35
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanal

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

36
Q

Draw the displayed formula for pentanedial

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

37
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propanone

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

38
Q

Draw the displayed formula for pentane-2,4-dione

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

39
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-oxopropanoic acid

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

40
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propanoic acid

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

41
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanedioic acid

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

42
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propylamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

43
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-aminopropanoic acid

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

44
Q

Draw the structural formula for N-methylpropylamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

45
Q

Draw the structural formula for N-methylpropan-1-amine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

46
Q

Draw the displayed formula for diethylamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

47
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N-ethylethanamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

48
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N,N-dimethylpropylamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

49
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

50
Q

Draw the displayed formula for hexane-1,6-diamine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

51
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 1,6-diaminohexane

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

52
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propan-1-amine

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

53
Q

Draw the displayed formula for butanenitrile

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

54
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

55
Q

Draw the displayed formula for methylpropanoate

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

56
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanoic anhydride

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

57
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanoic propanoic anhydride

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

58
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanoyl chloride

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

59
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-methylpropanoyl chloride

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

60
Q

Draw the displayed formula for pentanedioyl dichloride

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

61
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanamide

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

62
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N-methylpropanamide

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

63
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N,N-dimethylpropanamide

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

64
Q

Draw the displayed formula for N,N,2-trimethylpropanamide

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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