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CHEMISTRY A LEVEL > 3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts > Flashcards

3.1 Organic: Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What does a general formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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2
Q

What does an empirical formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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3
Q

What does a molecular formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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4
Q

What does a structural formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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5
Q

What does a skeletal formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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6
Q

What does a displayed formula show you?

Give an example.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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7
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Homologous series are families of organic compounds with the same functional group and the same general formula.

  • They show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point)
  • Each member differs by CH2 from the last.
  • They have the same chemical properties.
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8
Q

Each successive number of a homologous series differs by a ‘___’ group.

A

CH2

see page 136 in the revision guide

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9
Q

Name all 14 homologous series, give their prefix/ suffix and an example of each.

A

(see page 136 in the revision guide)

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10
Q

What do you name molecules when they have 1/2/3/4/5/6 carbons?

A 
1 - meth
2 - eth
3 - prop
4 - but
5 - pent
6 - hex
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11
Q

Read page 137 in the revision guide.

A

Can you remember it?

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12
Q

What do curly arrows show in a mechanism?

A

Curly arrows show how electron pairs move around.

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13
Q

Draw a reaction mechanism show how chloromethane reacts with sodium hydroxide to form methanol and sodium chloride.

A

(see page 138 in the revision guide)

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14
Q

What are isomers?

A

Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently.

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15
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

In structural isomers, the atoms are connected in different ways. They have th same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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16
Q

Describe what chain isomers are.

A

Chain isomers have different arrangements of the carbon skeleton. Some are straight chains and others branched in different ways.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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17
Q

Describe what positional isomers are.

A

Positional isomers have the same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached.
The difference is that the atom or group of atoms is attached to a different carbon atom.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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18
Q

Describe what functional group isomers are.

A

Functional group isomers have the same atoms arranged into different functional groups.

(see page 139 in the revision guide for a visual example)

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19
Q

Give the definition of a hydrocarbon.

A

A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.

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20
Q

Give the definition of saturated.

A

A molecule containing only single carbon-carbon bonds only.

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21
Q

Give the definition of unsaturated.

A

A molecule containing 1 or more C=C double bonds.

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22
Q

Give the definition of a molecular formula.

A

The formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom.

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23
Q

Give the definition of an empirical formula.

A

The formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.

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24
Q

Give the definition of a general formula.

A

The algebraic formula for a homologous series.

e.g. CnH2n (for alkenes)

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25
Q

Give the definition of a structural formula.

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement os atoms in a molecule.

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26
Q

Give the definition of a displayed formula.

A

Shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in the molecule.

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27
Q

Draw the structural formula for butane.

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3

or

CH3(CH2)2CH3

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28
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-methylbutane

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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29
Q

What is the shape of one of the carbon atoms in ethane?

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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30
Q

Give the definition of a skeletal formula.

A

It shows the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from akyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

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31
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 2-methylbutane

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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32
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for But-2-ene

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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33
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for Butan-1-ol

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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34
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for cyclohexane

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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35
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for cyclohexene

A

(see page 1 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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36
Q

Give the definition of a functional group.

A

A functional group is an atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties.

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37
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Alkanes

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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38
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Alkenes

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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39
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Alcohols

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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40
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Halogenoalkanes

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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41
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Aldehydes

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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42
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Ketones

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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43
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Carboxylic acids

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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44
Q

Give the functional group, the prefix/suffix and give an example (name it, skeletal and displayed formula) of the homologous series:

Esters

A

(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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45
Q

What is the order of priority - highest first - of:

Alcohols
Halogenoalkanes
Aldehydes
Carboxylic acids
Ketones
Alkenes
A

Carboxylic acids > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > alkenes > halogenoalkanes

(see bottom of page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)

46
Q

How many carbons does ‘meth’ have?

47
Q

How many carbons does ‘eth’ have?

48
Q

How many carbons does ‘prop’ have?

49
Q

How many carbons does ‘but’ have?

50
Q

How many carbons does ‘pent’ have?

51
Q

How many carbons does ‘hex’ have?

52
Q

How many carbons does ‘hept’ have?

53
Q

How many carbons does ‘oct’ have?

54
Q

How many carbons does ‘non’ have?

55
Q

How many carbons does ‘dec’ have?

56
Q

If the suffix starts with a vowell in the name of a compound you remove the e from the stem or not?

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

57
Q

If the suffix does not start with a vowell in the name of a compound you remove the e from the stem or not?

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

58
Q

Draw trichloromethane

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

59
Q

Draw methylpropane

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

60
Q

Draw butan-1-ol

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

61
Q

Draw 2,3-dribromopentane

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

62
Q

Draw 2,2-dichloro-1-fluorobutane

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

63
Q

Draw 3-bromo-1-fluoropentane

A

(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)

64
Q

What is used in nomenclature for when there are 2,3,4,5 and 6 of the same functional groups in a molecule

A 
2 - di-
3 - tri-
4 - tetra-
5 - penta-
6 - hexa-
65
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for Z-but-2-ene

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

66
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for Penta-1,3-diene

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

67
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

68
Q

Write the structural formula for 2-bromobut-3-en-1-ol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

69
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for E-but-2-enoic acid

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

70
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-bromobutane

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

71
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 5,5-dibromo-4-iodo-3-methylpent-1-ene

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

72
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 2,3-dichloro-1-fluoro-3-methylpentane

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

73
Q

Draw the displayed formula for butan-2-ol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

74
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethane-1,2-diol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

75
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propane-1,2,3-triol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

76
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for E-3,6-dichlorohex-4-en-1-ol

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

77
Q

Draw the displayed formula for 2-hydroxypropanoic acid

A

(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)

78
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanal

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

79
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for pentanedial

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

80
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 4-hydroxybutanal

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

81
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propanone

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

82
Q

Draw the displayed formula for pentane-2,4-dione

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

83
Q

Draw the displayed formula for propanoic acid

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

84
Q

Draw the displayed formula for ethanedioc acid

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

85
Q

Draw the skeletal formula for 5-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid

A

(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)

86
Q

Explain homolytic fission with drawings as well.

A

(see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)

87
Q

Explain heterolytic fission with drawings as well.

A

(see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)

88
Q

What does a one headed arrow show in a mechanism?

A

A one headed arrow shows the movement of one electron, (see page 6 in the chemrevise revision guide)

89
Q

What is the definition of a free radical?

A

A free radical is a reactive species which possess an unpaired electron.

Free radicals do not have a charge and are represented by a dot.

90
Q

When a bond breaks by homolytic fission what does it form two of?

A

When a bond breaks by homolytic fission it forms two free radicals.

91
Q

When a bond breaks by heterolytic fission what does it form two of?

A

When a bond breaks by heterolytic fission it forms two ions, negative and positive.

92
Q

Give the definition of structural isomers.

A

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures (or structural formulae)

93
Q

Give the definition of chain isomers.

A

COmpouns with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.

94
Q

Give the definition of position isomers.

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.

95
Q

Give the definition of functional group isomers.

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.

96
Q

Give three examples of chain isomers and draw them.

A
  • pentane
  • 2-methylbutane
  • 2,2-dimethylpropane

(see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)

97
Q

Give 3 examples of structural isomers.

A
  • Chain isomerism
  • Position isomerism
  • Functional group isomerism
98
Q

Give 2 examples of position isomers and draw them.

A
  • 1-bromopropane
  • 2-bromopropane

(see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)

99
Q

Give 4 examples of functional group isomers and draw them.

A
  • ethanol
  • cyclohexane
  • methoxymethane
  • hexene

(see page 7 in the chemrevise revision guide for drawings)

100
Q

Give the definition of a stereoisomer.

A

Stereoisomers have the same structural formulae but have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.

101
Q

Give two reasons as to why E-Z stereoisomers arise.

A
  1. There is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond.

2. There are two different groups/atoms attached both ends of the double bond.

102
Q

Draw the displayed and skeletal formula of Z-but-2-ene

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

103
Q

Draw the displayed and skeletal formula of E-but-2-ene

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

104
Q

Draw the displayed formula of but-1-ene.

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

105
Q

Which of these hydrocarbons contain E-Z isomerism:

  • but-2-ene
  • but-1-ene

Explain why.

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

106
Q

Draw the displayed formula for Z-1,2-dichloroethene

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

107
Q

Draw the displayed formula for E-1,2-dichloroethene

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

108
Q

How do you assign priority when naming molecules with E-Z isomerism?

A

The priority group is the atom with the bigger atomic number is classed as the priority atom.

109
Q

What are the two CIP priority rules when naming molecules with E-Z isomerism?

A

(see page 8 in the chemrevise revision guide)

110
Q

Describe the difference in boiling points of:

Z-1,2-dichloroethene and E-1,2-dichloroethene

A

(see page 9 in the chemrevise revision guide)

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