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CPR Week 6 > 3.6.2. O2 and CO2 Transport > Flashcards

3.6.2. O2 and CO2 Transport Flashcards

1
Q

There are 3 parts to the respiratory system what are they?

A

Conduction zone Respiratory zone Pump

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2
Q

What is the conduction zone

A

Nasal cavity, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea and bronchi

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3
Q

What is the respiratory zone

A

Bronchioles and alveoli

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4
Q

What is the pump

A

Chest wall skeleton/muscles, diaphragm, elastic connective tissue

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5
Q

Major vs. minor functions of respiratory system

A

Major Function: facilitates the exchange of gases in and out of tissue (provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide) Minor Functions: vocalization, removal of irritants (coughing/sneezing), and temperature control

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6
Q

Describe the Oxygen transport life cycle and what each phase is called

A

From atmospheric air to lung alveoli (pulmonary ventilation) From lung alveoli through layers of the respiratory membrane to hemoglobin (simple diffusion) From pulmonary capillaries to tissue capillaries (blood circulation) From hemoglobin to interstitial fluid and tissue cells (simple diffusion)

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7
Q

Describe the CO2 transport life cycle and what each phase is called

A

From tissue cells to interstitial fluid and blood (simple diffusion) From tissue capillaries to pulmonary capillaries (blood circulation) From blood across respiratory membrane layers to lung alveoli (simple diffusion) From lung alveoli out to atmospheric air (expiration)

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8
Q

Pressure vs. partial pressure

A

Pressure is the force of molecules against a surface, and thus pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of gas molecules Partial pressure = Total pressure x Fractional Gas Concentration

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9
Q

Why does O2 come into the lungs and CO2 leave?

A

There is a partial pressure for CO2 in the atmosphere of 0.3 and in the lungs is 40. Following pressure gradients, the CO2 will want to break into the atmosphere (H2O follows this same pathway with similar pressure changes) For 2, it has atmospheric pressure of 159 and a lung pressure of 104, making it go into the lungs

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10
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Henry’s Law: the amount of a given gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid

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11
Q

Henry;s law is complex, but what is it basically saying?

A

More soluble = higher concentration of gas Less soluble = lower concentration of gas

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12
Q

Partial pressure =

A

concentration/solubility

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13
Q

Carbon dioxide is ___ times ____ (more/less) soluble than oxygen

A

Carbon dioxide is >20 times more soluble than oxygen

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14
Q

If CO2 is more than 20X soluble than oxygen, what does that mean the state of gasses will be for a given partial pressure?

A

AKA at a given partial pressure, the concentration of carbon dioxide molecules is 20 times greater than oxygen molecules

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15
Q

Solubility coefficients for common gasses

A

Oxygen = 0.024; Carbon dioxide = 0.57; Carbon monoxide = 0.018; Nitrogen = 0.012; Helium = 0.008

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16
Q

The greater the solubility of a gas, _______________________.

A

The greater the solubility of a gas, the greater number of molecules available to diffuse

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17
Q

Factors that affect diffusion rate proportionally:

A

Solubility of the gas in fluid; Difference in partial pressure between compartments; Cross-sectional (surface) area for diffusion; Temperature

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18
Q

Factors that affect diffusion rate inversely:

A

Square root of the molecular weight of the gas; Distance of diffusion

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19
Q

Diffusion of oxygen between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries is ____

A

Diffusion of oxygen between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries is rapid

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20
Q

Diffusion of oxygen between alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries is rapid Why?

A
  1. Cross-sectional (surface) area for diffusion 2. Distance of diffusion Anatomic structures are optimized for these two factors Pulmonary capillary blood volume = 65-100 mL Alveolar surface area = 70-100 square meters
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21
Q

True or False: One of the important factors in transport is diffusion

A

Driven by cardiac force; blood is pumped to peripheral tissues; diffusion is not significant in transport

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22
Q

_____ of oxygen transported in blood is dissolved in either plasma or the RBC cytoplasm (low solubility compared to carbon dioxide)

A

Only 3% of oxygen transported in blood is dissolved in either plasma or the RBC cytoplasm (low solubility compared to carbon dioxide)

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23
Q

_____ of oxygen is transported in RBCs bound to hemoglobin _____% of all proteins in a RBC are hemoglobin _______ molecules of hemoglobin in each RBC

A

Remaining 97% is transported in RBCs bound to hemoglobin 95% of all proteins in a RBC are hemoglobin 280 million molecules of hemoglobin in each RBC

24
Q

How many and what types of chains are found in hemoglobin?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta

25
Q

Discuss allosteric binding as it pertains to hemoglobin

A

Binding causes a conformational change to allow for easier binding of the next oxygen molecule to a different unoccupied heme group in hemoglobin

26
Q

Factors that alter oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Hydrogen ions Carbon dioxide Temperature 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

27
Q

Hydrogen ions Carbon dioxide Temperature 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate These factors alter the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. What do they do?

A

An increase in any of these factors results in a decrease of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen: CURVE SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT All of these factors increase during exercise

28
Q

Discuss the Bohr effect

A

Peripheral tissues are using oxygen and producing CO2. Increased CO2 leads ot increased hydrogen ions (Bohr Effect)

29
Q

Formula for how CO2 changes

A
30
Q

pH in the tissues vs in the lungs

A

Tissues pH = 7.2

Lungs pH = 7.6

31
Q

Discuss how a hemoglobin saturation curve changes due to pH

A
32
Q

Diffusion to Peripheral Tissues is driven by what

A

Driven by partial pressures between arterial capillary and interstitial fluid

33
Q

Minimal PO2 requirement for biochemical processes in cells ranges from ____ to ____

A

Minimal PO2 requirement for biochemical processes in cells ranges from 1-3 mmHg

34
Q

During physiological conditions where oxygen demand is significantly increased, the respiratory system can still supply enough oxygen so that intracellular PO2 is not below ____.

A

During physiological conditions where oxygen demand is significantly increased, the respiratory system can still supply enough oxygen so that intracellular PO2 is not below 5 mmHg

35
Q

Discuss the issue with oxygen supply we see at higher altitudes and why that occurs

A

Altitude = less barometric pressure

Oxygen at 5000 feet (120 mmHg); On Mt Everest (36 mmHg)

36
Q

How and why does CO cause poisoning?

A

CO binds to hemoglobin with 200x more affinity than O2

Rely on Plasma O2 transport (remember 3% of oxygen is carried this way)

37
Q

Discuss oxygen changes with anemia

A

Anemia = change in oxygen carrying capacity

May be compensated by cardiac output

38
Q

Why is fire dangerous in regards to oxygen?

A

Fires = oxygen consumed

39
Q

___ ____ is responsible for oxygen transport to peripheral tissues. ___________________ govern transport

A

Simple diffusion is responsible for oxygen transport to peripheral tissues. Differences in oxygen partial pressures govern transport

40
Q

Discuss the mechanisms and where they locate for CO2 transport in the blood.

A
40
Q
A
41
Q

_____ mL of carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs per 100 mL of blood

A

4 mL of carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs per 100 mL of blood

42
Q

In what forms is CO2 transported and in what degrees?

A

Dissolved CO2 (7%)

Carbamino compounds (23%)

As bicarbonate atoms (70%)

43
Q

Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Where does this occur and at what speed and why?

A

Occurs SLOWLY in PLASMA, but RAPIDLY in RBC because of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (~5,000 times faster)

44
Q

How does Bicarbonate leave the cell? What does this cause?

A

Bicarbonate leaves the cell via a bicarbonate-chloride exchanger protein (aids in further dissociation of carbonic acid)

Facilitated diffusion (i.e., no energy is utilized)

Chloride maintains electroneutrality

Chloride shift = RBCs in venous blood have higher intracellular chloride ion concentrations than in arterial blood

45
Q

Carbon dioxide may also react with proteins instead of water (no enzymatic activity is present)

Where does this occur and why?

A

RBCs

Protein concentration is greater in RBCs

Hb forms carbamino compounds more easily

Hb is a buffer for the H+ that is produced

46
Q

What is the Haldane Effect?

A

Oxygen binding to hemoglobin causes carbon dioxide to be released from the blood more effectively

47
Q

Oxygen binding to Hg makes it become a ____ ____; released hydrogen ions bind with _____ and form carbonic acid which dissociates into ____ and _____.

A

Oxygen binding to Hg makes it become a stronger acid; released hydrogen ions bind with bicarbonate and form carbonic acid which dissociates into CO2 and water

48
Q

Oxygen binding to ______________ displaces the _____ from it directly

A

Oxygen binding to carbaminohemoglobin displaces the CO2 from it directly

49
Q

Effects of CO2 on blood pH

A

Carbonic acid (formed first) has an effect on blood pH

Changed from 7.41 in arterial blood to 7.37 in venous blood

50
Q

When do we see respiratory acidosis?

A

Decreased alveolar ventilation (drug overdose)

Lung-diffusing capacity (pulmonary edema)

Decreased diffusion (acute respiratory distress)

51
Q

Increased arterial PCO2 → what?

How does the body respond?

A

Increased arterial PCO2 → Increased H+ and HCO3- → lower pH

Arterial PCO2 > 44 mmHg

Blood pH < 7.35

Renal system compensatory mechanism will increase HCO3- to return blood pH to normal levels (Increase HCO3- leads to the reverse reaction, causing more CO2 and thus less H+)

52
Q

When do we get respiratory alkalosis?

A

Response to hypoxia, anxiety, drug toxicity, and fever

53
Q
A
54
Q

Decreased arterial PCO2 → what?

How does the body respond?

A

Decreased arterial PCO2 → Decreased H+ and HCO3- → higher pH

Arterial PCO2 < 35 mmHg

Blood pH > 7.45

Renal system compensatory mechanism will decrease HCO3- to return blood pH to normal levels

55
Q

Hemoglobin disassociation curves for being at rest vs. exercise

A


CPR Week 6 (29 decks)

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