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Physics > 3.6.1 Further mechanics > Flashcards

3.6.1 Further mechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is an object moving in a circular path at constant speed accelerating?

A

It has a constantly changing velocity as it is changing direction, so it must be accelerating

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2
Q

What is the force experienced by an object moving in a circle?

A

The centripetal force

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3
Q

Where does the centripetal force act?

A

Towards the centre of the circle

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4
Q

What is angular speed?

A

The angle an object moves through per unit time

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5
Q

What is simple harmonic motion?

A

When an object’s acceleration is directly proportional to its negative displacement from the equilibrium position
a = -ω²x

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6
Q

Describe the displacement-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum positive displacement.

A

Cosine curve

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7
Q

Describe the displacement-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the equilibrium position.

A

Sine curve

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8
Q

Describe the displacement-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum negative displacement.

A

Negative cosine curve

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9
Q

Describe the velocity-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum positive displacement.

A

Negative sine curve

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10
Q

Describe the velocity-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the equilibrium position.

A

Cosine curve

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11
Q

Describe the velocity-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum negative displacement.

A

Sine curve

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12
Q

Describe the acceleration-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum positive displacement.

A

Negative cosine curve

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13
Q

Describe the acceleration-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the equilibrium position.

A

Negative sine curve

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14
Q

Describe the acceleration-time graph of an object experiencing simple harmonic motion starting at the maximum negative displacement.

A

Cosine curve

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15
Q

What are simple harmonic systems?

A

Those which oscillate with simple harmonic motion, such as a simple pendulum or a mass-spring system

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16
Q

Describe a simple pendulum.

A

A small, dense bob of mass m hangs from a string of length l, which is attached to a fixed point. When the bob is displaced by a small angle, and let go, it will oscillate with SHM

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17
Q

Why must the angle by which the pendulum is displaced be less than 10°?

A

The formula is derived using a small angle approximation, so for larger initial angles this approximation is no longer valid, so would not be a good model

18
Q

How many energy transfer cycles are there in an oscillation of a simple harmonic system?

A

Two

19
Q

Describe the energy transfer of a simple harmonic system.

A

When the displacement is at a maximum, it has maximum potential energy and minimum kinetic energy, when passing equilibrium it has max KE and min PE, and at minimum displacement it has max PE and min KE

20
Q

What does the total energy of a simple pendulum consist of?

A

Kinetic and gravitational potential energy

21
Q

Describe a mass-spring system.

A

A mass is attached to the end of a spring, and is pulled down/across a small distance and let go, so it undergoes SHM

22
Q

What is the difference between a vertical and a horizontal mass-spring system?

A

For a vertical system, kinetic energy is converted to both elastic and gravitational potential energy, whereas for a horizontal system, kinetic energy is converted only to elastic potential energy.

23
Q

What does the total energy of a vertical mass-spring system consist of?

A

Kinetic energy, and elastic and gravitational potential energy

24
Q

What does the total energy of a horizontal mass-spring system consist of?

A

Kinetic and elastic potential energy

25
Q

What is damping?

A

When the energy in an oscillating system is lost to the environment, leading to reduced amplitude of oscillations

26
Q

What are the 3 main types of damping?

A

Light damping, critical damping and heavy damping

27
Q

What is light/under damping?

A

Where the amplitude gradually decreases by a small amount each oscillation, and the period is not affected

28
Q

What is critical damping?

A

Where the amplitude is reduced to zero (returns to equilibrium) in the shortest possible time, without oscillating

29
Q

What is heavy/over damping?

A

Where the amplitude reduces slower than with critical damping, but also without any additional oscillations

30
Q

How do free vibrations occur?

A

When no external force is continuously acting on the system, and it oscillates at its natural frequency

31
Q

What is the natural frequency of a system?

A

The frequency a system oscillates at with free vibrations, where no external force is continuously acting on the system

32
Q

What are forced vibrations?

A

Where a system experiences an external driving force, causing it to oscillate

33
Q

What is the driving frequency of a system?

A

The frequency of the external driving force causing a system to oscillate with forced vibrations

34
Q

How does resonance occur?

A

If the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of a system (also known as the resonant frequency)

35
Q

What is resonance?

A

Where the amplitude of oscillations of a system drastically increase due to gaining an increased amount of energy from the driving force

36
Q

What are examples of applications of resonance?

A
  • Instruments: such as a flute, which has a long tube in which air resonates, causing a stationary sound wave to be formed
  • Radio: tuned so that their electric circuit resonates at the same frequency as the desired broadcast frequency
  • Swing: if someone pushes a swing, they provide a driving frequency, which can cause resonance if it’s equal to the resonant frequency and cause the swing to swing higher
37
Q

What is the negative consequence of resonance?

A

It can cause damage to a structure, such as a bridge when the people crossing it are providing a driving frequency close to the natural frequency, it will begin to oscillate violently witch could be very dangerous and damage the bridge

38
Q

How can the effect of resonance be decreased?

A

By using damping

39
Q

What is the effect to the resonant frequency of a system as the degree of damping is increased?

A

The resonant frequency decreases (shifts left on a graph), the maximum amplitude decreases and the peak of maximum amplitude becomes wider

40
Q

How is the velocity-time graph related to the displacement-time graph of an object in SHM?

A

It is the gradient function of the displacement-time graph, as velocity is the derivative of displacement

41
Q

How is the acceleration-time graph related to the velocity-time graph of an object in SHM?

A

It is the gradient function of the velocity-time graph, as acceleration is the derivative of velocity

Physics (16 decks)

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