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Physics > 3.2 Particles and radiation > Flashcards

3.2 Particles and radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleon?

A

A proton or neutron

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2
Q

What is the nucleon number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom (atomic mass)

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3
Q

What is a nuclide?

A

A particular nucleus

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4
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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5
Q

What is the process in which isotopes can be used to find the approximate age of an object containing organic material?

A

Carbon dating

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6
Q

What is the role of the strong nuclear force?

A

To keep the nucleus stable

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7
Q

What particles can feel the strong nuclear force?

A

Hadrons

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8
Q

What is the range of the strong nuclear force?

A

0.5 - 3 fm (x10^-15 m)
Repels hadrons <0.5 fm
Attraction up to 3 fm

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9
Q

What is the specific charge of a particle?

A

The charge-mass ratio

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10
Q

Why are some nuclei unstable?

A

They have too many protons, neutrons or both

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11
Q

What is the word equation for β- decay?

A

Neutron -> proton + electron + anti-electron neutrino

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12
Q

What is the symbol equation for β- decay?

A

n -> p + e- + (anti (bar)) Ve

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13
Q

What is the quark equation for β- decay?

A

udd -> uud
d -> u

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14
Q

What is the word equation for β+ decay?

A

Proton -> neutron + positron + electron neutrino

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15
Q

What is the symbol equation for β+ decay?

A

p -> n + e+ + Ve

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16
Q

What is the quark equation for β+ decay?

A

uud -> udd
u -> d

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17
Q

What is the only difference between between a particle and its corresponding anti-particle?

A

They are oppositely charged (baryon and lepton number also different) (mass and rest energy is the same)

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18
Q

What is the anti-particle of an electron?

A

Positron

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19
Q

What is annihilation?

A

When a particle and its corresponding anti-particle collide, resulting in their masses being converted into energy. This energy, along with the kinetic energy of the two particles, is released in the form of 2 identical gamma photons moving in opposite directions in order to conserve momentum.

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20
Q

What is pair production?

A

Where a photon is converted into an equal amount of matter and antimatter

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21
Q

When can pair production occur?

A

When the photon has an energy greater than the total rest energy of both particles, any excess energy is converted into kinetic energy of the particles

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22
Q

What are the 4 fundamental forces?

A

Gravity, electromagnetic, strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force

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23
Q

What is the exchange particle in a weak interaction?

A

W boson (W+ or W-)

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24
Q

What is the range of the weak nuclear force?

A

10^-18 m

25
Q

What does the weak nuclear force act on?

A

All particles

26
Q

What is the exchange particle in an electromagnetic interaction?

A

Virtual photon (Y)

27
Q

What is the range of an electromagnetic interaction?

A

Infinite

28
Q

What does an electromagnetic interaction act on?

A

Charged particles

29
Q

What is the range of gravity?

A

Infinite

30
Q

What does gravity act on?

A

Particles with mass

31
Q

What are the two classes of hadrons?

A

Baryons (protons, neutrons) (and antibaryons (antiprotons and antineutrons) and mesons (pions, kaons)

32
Q

What is the baryon number of a baryon?

A

1

33
Q

What is the charge of the up (u) quark?

A

+2/3 e

34
Q

What is the charge of the down (d) quark?

A

-1/3 e

35
Q

What is the charge of the strange (s) quark?

A

-1/3 e

36
Q

What is the baryon number of the up (u) quark?

A

1/3

37
Q

What is the baryon number of the down (d) quark?

A

1/3

38
Q

What is the baryon number of the strange (s) quark?

A

1/3

39
Q

What is the strangeness of the strange (s) quark?

A

-1

40
Q

What is the quark composition of a baryon?

A

3 quarks

41
Q

What is the quark composition of a meson?

A

A quark and an antiquark (baryon number of 0)

42
Q

What is the quark composition of an anti-baryon?

A

3 anti quarks

43
Q

Is the baryon number always conserved in particle interactions?

A

Yes

44
Q

Is the lepton number always conserved in particle interactions?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is the only stable baryon?

A

Proton

46
Q

What is the exchange particle of the strong nuclear force?

A

Pion

47
Q

What is the particle that can decay into pions?

A

Kaons

48
Q

What particle decays into an electron?

A

Muon

49
Q

How are strange particles produced?

A

Through the strong interaction and decay through the weak interaction (eg kaons)

50
Q

In what type of interaction is strangeness always conserved?

A

Strong interactions

51
Q

What values are conserved in all interactions?

A

Energy, momentum, charge, baryon number, electron lepton number, muon lepton number

52
Q

What is the quark composition of K+?

A

Up, anti-strange

53
Q

What is the quark composition of K-?

A

Anti-up, strange

54
Q

What is the quark composition of K0?

A

Down, anti-strange

55
Q

What is the quark composition of anti-K0?

A

Anti-down, strange

56
Q

What is the quark composition of π+?

A

Up, anti-down

57
Q

What is the quark composition of π-?

A

Anti-up, down

58
Q

What is the quark composition of π0?

A

Up/down/strange, anti-up/anti-down/anti-strange

59
Q

What are the consequences of electron capture?

A

The proton-rich nucleus of a neutral atom absorbs an electron from an inner shell, changing a proton to a neutron and emitting an electron neutrino

Physics (16 decks)

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