3.6 northern rising Flashcards
what were the domestic threats of Mary, Queen of Scots?
-legitimate claim- great-granddaughter of Henry VII
-Elizabeth believed to be illegitimate (Boleyn marriage not valid)
-catholic figurehead (Catholic crusade- foreign coalition- aim to replace Elizabeth with Mary)
what was the International threat of Mary?
-bought up by French court, but this enhanced Elizabeth’s position with Spain- France and Spain enemies
-Guise family-most powerful in France- Mary brought up by them
-ruled as queen in Scotland but forced to abdicate 1567
-arrived in England in 1568
deteriorating spanish relations
-Cecil- some resented his influence on Elizabeth
-accused of leading the country into war with Spain
-Philip in a stronger position with forces in the Netherlands
-December 1569, Cecil ordered 4 Spanish ships carrying bullion to be seized
-worsened relationship and made threat real
what was the court plot against Cecil?
-plan for Norfolk to marry Mary: would secure English succession and Norfolk could control her
-power could then be used to remove Cecil as advisor
-Elizabeth head about the plan in September 1569 and forbade the marriage
what was the role of the Duke of Norfolk?
-led the 1568 court plot
-most powerful nobility- dangerous if he led a rising
-1st October 1669- told Westmorland not to rebel
-actions cause of rebellion- leadership of plot stirred up resentment
-however, stayed loyal- undermined threat.
what were the religious reasons for the rebellion?
-1559 settlement allowed moderate catholics to conform
-however, catholics put under suspicion in 1566- Spanish relations
-northern religion- hard for gov to control
-intorduced hard line approach to conformity
-appointed protestants to northern positions
e.g. James Pilkington- Bishop of Durham- removed catholic imagery from churches
how did government intervention in the north lead to rebellion?
-outsiders appointed to northern posts
-nobles deprived of positions
-e.g northumberland replaced with lord Hunsdon as warden of east march
-this extended royal control in north
-religious tensions magnified this
what were economic concerns for the rebellion?
-earls lost incomes when replaced
-suffered financially in 1560s, made worse by government policy
-e.g. Westmorland borrowed £80 from George Bowes
what was the issue with Mary’s arrival?
-1569 imprisoned in Tutbury castle
-not allowed near Scottish border or London
-if executed, dangerous precedent
-Mary had an heir but Elizabeth didn’t
what were the early tensions in 1569?
-earls wavered without Norfolk
-9th November- after being called to Elizabeth, the earls felt like they would be punished so forced into revolt
-supporters met at Brancepeth
-common and nobility support
-marched to Durham and destroyed signs of protestantism
what were the main events of the uprising?
-claimed to be loyal, defending Elizabeth from advisors
-22 nov reached Bramham Moor- junction joining London and the North
-by late November, 3,800 foot soldiers and 1,600 horsemen
-retreated to Brancepeth
-16 dec- army approached, rebels fled
why did the rebels retreat to Brancepeth?
-rumours of large royal army in South
-heard Mary was moved out of reach
-if marched south, not as much support
capture of Durham
-not heavily fortified
-794 participants came from Durham
-held catholic mass at the cathedral and destroyed signs of Protestantism
siege of Barnard Castle
-key to controlling surrounding region
-refuge for gov supporters
-December- siege from 5000 rebels
-226 defenders joined the rebels
-showed weakness of Elizabeth’s supporters
high threat level of the rebellion
-Mary was in contact with members of catholic nobility
-showed extent to which settlement failed in north
-weakness of ability to control remote regions
-took over a month for army to reach Durham
