3.3 Warbeck and Simnel

Question 1

how was Henry VII’s hold on the throne?

Answer 1

-weak, had beaten Richard in battle, encouraging others to do the same.
-Beauforts only made legitimate on the condition that heirs couldn’t claim the throne.
-claim was based on descent from Edward III through illegitimate line- through a woman.
-rivals had stronger claims

Question 2

who were Henry’s rivals?

Answer 2

John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln

Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick

Edward and Richard- Edward’s sons

Edward’s IV’s daughters

Question 3

who was John de la Pole?

Answer 3

-Yorkist
-nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
-heir presumptive during Richard’s reign
-became focus of opposition

Question 4

who was Edward Plantagenet?

Answer 4

-also nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
-10 in 1485- easy to control
-placed in tower

Question 5

who were Edward and Richard?

Answer 5

-Edward IV’s sons
-disappeared at beginning of Richard’s reign
-still used as a focus against Henry

Question 6

how did Henry (Lancastrian) rally Yorkist support?

Answer 6

married Edward’s oldest daughter- Elizabeth of York.

Question 7

what role did the Stanleys play in Bosworth?

Answer 7

loyalties to Richard split
-watched battle from sidelines before William committed troops to Henry. directed troops to Richard when he tried to kill Henry.

Question 8

what role did Henry Percy play in Bosworth?

Answer 8

bought troops to battle for Richard but didn’t fight.
part of reason why Henry didn’t trust own nobility.

Question 9

what were the reasons for Henry’s success as Bosworth?

Answer 9

1. role of Stanleys
2. role of Percy
3. richard’s actions
4. support from anti-ricardians

Question 10

what role did anti-ricardians play in Bosworth?

Answer 10

gave Henry support
- turned against Richard when he usurped crown from nephews
-Woodvilles- risen when Elizabeth Woodville married Edward IV.
-however, no guarantee of support once Richard was dead

Question 11

what measures did Henry use to secure the throne?

Answer 11

1. coronation and parliament
2. titulus regius
3. rewarded supporters
4. executed traitors
5. act of Resumption 1486

Question 12

coronation and parliament

Answer 12

coronation showed he had been chosen by god.
1485 parliament- declared him king.
declared reign began day before Bosworth- Richard usurper and anyone fighting for him traitors

Question 13

titulus regius

Answer 13

Richard declared Edward and Elizabeth’s marriage invalid and heirs illegitimate.
used parliament to repeal this and marry Elizabeth of York.

Question 14

e.g of rewarded supporters

Answer 14

Jasper Tudor- made duke of Bedford 1485

Question 15

e.g of executed rivals

Answer 15

John de la Pole swore loyalty and joined royal council eventually

Question 16

act of Resumption

Answer 16

1486
took back all crown lands granted away since 1455.
aim to increase wealth and give crown more spending power

Question 17

key aspects of Simnel rebellion

Answer 17

-impersonated earl of Warwick but the real one was in the tower.
-rebellion still got momentum.
-Margaret of Burgundy used money and power to rase troops- 2000 mercenaries.
-rebels sailed to Ireland where Simnel was crowned king
-arrived north June 1487 and Henry Percy didn’t stop the army.

Question 18

what was the response to the Simnel rebellion?

Answer 18

-moved north and west after hearing rebels would arrive from Ireland.
-8 may arrived at base in Kennilworth Castle- waited for news then marched north to Stoke.
-rebels defeated- Irish forces lacked armour.
-de la pole was killed and Lovell fled.

Question 19

seriousness of Simnel rebellion

Answer 19

-alliance formed was a mix of claimants, Yorkists and foreign powers.
-raised an army
-ireland good base
-Henry’s inexperience as king

Question 20

what were rebels’ poor decisions during Simnel rebellion?

Answer 20

-fighting made up of mercenaries, not loyal Yorkists
-even in the Yorkist north, supporters didn’t flock to army
-many preferred stability and order which Henry offered.

Question 21

what were henry’s actions during Simnel rebellion?

Answer 21

-reacted quickly and placed himself in the centre of England
-reinforced position and led people to believe he was anointed by god.

Question 22

key aspects of Warbeck rebellion 1491-95

Answer 22

-claimed to be Richard
-no Irish support,
-burgundy agents infiltrated England
-1493- Warbeck tried to land in Kent with 300 men but no local support so fled.

Question 23

key aspects of Warbeck rebellion 1495-97

Answer 23

-sep 1496- tried to invade England across Scottish border with 1400 men
-June 1497- Cornwall rising after tax raises to fund army
-warbeck went to Cornwall- between 3000 and 8000 men
-trapped by forces- executed 1499

Question 24

seriousness of threat of Warbeck rebellion?

Answer 24

• evaded capture for 6 years
  -Henry was forced to negotiate foreign

-stern response deterred plotters from joining Warbeck
-by the time he reached Cornwall, revolt had been subdued
-never a battle

Question 25

what was Ireland’s support for Simnel?

Answer 25

-Fizageralds of Kildare under pressure from rivals- supported Simnel as a chance for political survival.
-out of henry’s reach.
-defeated but Irish significance didn’t decrease.
-Henry accepted an oath of loyalty from Kildare

Question 26

what was Ireland’s support for Warbeck?

Answer 26

kildare didn’t help him but didn’t stop him either
-removed from post 1492
-1492- Poynings sent to repel Warbeck attack
-“Poyning’s Law”- no Irish parliament without king consent. after this, no threat by Ireland anymore

Question 27

how were Anglo-Burgundy relationships?

Answer 27

Margaret sister of Edward IV and Richard III
-tried to restore a Yorkist monarch
-still had trading links- Antwerp main destination for English wool.

Question 28

was was Margaret of Burgundy’s role in the rebellions?

Answer 28

-offered protection to plotters
-Henry placed a trade embargo to put pressure on Burgundy.
-1494- Burgundy embargo on English goods.
-1496 intercursus Magnus treaty- embargo lifted, stop supporting each other’s enemies.

Question 29

what were Anglo-French deteriorating relations?

Answer 29

-fate of Brittany- if French kings captured it, they could control coastline opposite England.
-by 1491- French troops had absorbed Brittany

Question 30

how did France support the rebellions?

Answer 30

-Charles welcomed warbeck in 1492
-October 1492- Henry invaded France but they wanted war with Italy so Charles agreed on the treaty of Etaples:
-no longer harbour enemies
-annual pension to Henry of 50,000 crowns
-Henry stopped threat and enhanced position financially

Question 31

what were Anglo-Scottish deteriorating relations?

Answer 31

by 1493, wanted to assert place in Europe.
-1495-97 welcomed Warbeck
-1496 Warbeck invaded with James’ army

Question 32

how did England stop the threat from Scotland?

Answer 32

James realised Henry was too secure on the throne so stopped supporting warbeck.
-July 1497- Warbeck left Scotland
-1497- truce of Ayton