3.4 Lincolnshire & PoG

Question 1

background

Answer 1

1533-37: changes to English church

1533-37: renounced authority of pope and created Church of England. Henry supreme head

Question 2

what is royal supremacy?

Answer 2

-a way to get annulment
-reformist ideas took hold in London and south east.

Question 3

what was Cromwell’s role?

Answer 3

Vicegerent in Spirituals
-henry’s deputy in all religious matters
-used power to alter doctrine (beliefs set out by church)

Question 4

what were Cromwells changes?

Answer 4

1. preaching controlled- clergy give sermons against pope
2. April 1535- imprison clergymen preaching in support of pope.
3. act of ten articles 1536- define doctrine. e.g. sacraments decreased from 7 to 3
4. injunctions 1536- attacked traditional practices (pilgrimages, saint worship)

Question 5

how did Henry respond to opposition to the break with Rome?

Answer 5

1. act of supremacy (oath taken) and treason act 1534 (prosecute those who didn’t take oath)- influential opponents could be executed (John Fisher)
2. princess Mary (seen by conservative faction as figurehead) made illegitimate in 1534.

Question 6

dissolution of the monasteries

Answer 6

1535 valor Ecclesiasticus surveyed church wealth followed by visitations of the clergy. target to find evidence against them

1536 act of parliament- dissolution of monasteries worth less than £200 per year.
-dissolving them- income to Henry- feared foreign Catholic invasions

Question 7

societal role of smaller monasteries

Answer 7

-prayed for souls of dead to shorten time in purgatory and supported sick and old.
-local employers and landlords- gave famers leased lands
-1530s- 900 religious houses and 12,000 in them
-after break with Rome, Henry couldn’t risk presence of wealthy institutions taking orders from hostile powers.

Question 8

religious causes of 1536 rebellions

Answer 8

-dissolution of monasteries
-discontent about general direction of religious policies
-cromwell’s attacks on traditional practices- threatened centuries of belief
-threatened what happened to souls after death- fear

Question 9

social and economic causes of the 1536 rebellions

Answer 9

-economic hardship in north- 1534 taxes
-commissioners inquired each person’s ability to pay- gov intrusion
-entry fines
-enclosure
-however, these didn’t affect higher social groups who joined rebellion

Question 10

political causes of the 1536 rebellions

Answer 10

-nobility joined- suggests PoG was a result of court based plots
-act of uses 1535- prevent landowners avoiding financial demand by the king
-restricted enfeoffment to uses
-controlled by gentry as these weren’t significant to commons

Question 11

what were aims and motives of the Lincolnshire Uprising?

Answer 11

-against Henry’s evil counsellors not him
-concerned about misgovernment
-“commonwealth”-not self interest
-petition reflected gentry and commons
-united by gov intervention and religious changes.

Question 12

key events in Lincolnshire uprising

Answer 12

-3000 met at Louth
-marched to Lincoln with 10,000 men and nobility fled (Darcy and Hussey)
-kings army 40 miles away
-gentry asked Suffolk for pardon
-11 oct- commons went home

Question 13

who were supporters of the Lincolnshire uprising?

Answer 13

-monks from close abbeys
-gentry also JPs- easy to build momentum
-gentry claimed only supporters to prevent it from becoming violent.
-however, some gentry organised military musters for the rebellion.

Question 14

threats of Lincolnshire rising to government

Answer 14

-gentry and 10,000 men. nobility in Lincoln fled
-involvement of clergy and monks
-well organised- in touch with rebels in Yorkshire
-only dealt with easily as it was only Lincolnshire commons.

Question 15

proof of lack of threat of Lincolnshire rising

Answer 15

-put down swiftly with Suffolks army
-half hearted gentry backed down
-reluctant to risk lives and property and lost rebel support who had more to gain
-rebels loyal to Henry’s rule

Question 16

aims and motives of PoG

Answer 16

-feared impacts of dissolution
-pontefract articles complained about enclosure and rent rises
-gov attacks on benefit of clergy
-majority of complaints about religious changes

Question 17

key events of PoG

Answer 17

-started 10 oct in Beverley
-by 16 oct- 10,000 followers took over city of York
-19 oct- captured pontefract castle
-North Yorkshire rose 11 oct and met Aske in York
-by late October, covered most of north and north east England.

Question 18

what negotiations were made for the PoG?

Answer 18

-Henry’s forces were overstretched
-27 oct- negotiated with Norfolk
-list of 5 articles to king
-6th dec- 2nd meeting asked pardon
-promise of parliament in north and negotiations on fate of monasteries.

Question 19

what was Bigod’s rising 1537?

Answer 19

-jan 1537- realised been tricked
-put down on 16 feb by Dacre
-excuse to punish rebels
-144 executions
-gentry turned against rebels to avoid punishments

Question 20

who were supporters of the PoG?

Answer 20

-largest Tudor rebellion
-clergymen, monks, gentry(Darcy, Hussey)
-high church involvement (executions of 6 abbots, 38 monks, 16 priests)

Question 21

threat of PoG to government

Answer 21

-number and speed
-Suffolk and army were diverted
-no way to delay- JPs involved
-well organised and coordinated
-peaceful rebellion attracted gentry
-Norfolk had to negotiate- outnumbered

Question 22

proof of lack of threat of PoG

Answer 22

-eventually defeated- Aske believed promises
-1536- commons prepare to trust social superiors
-not interested in removing Henry

Question 23

how was Aske’s leadership?

Answer 23

-associated protest with Catholic ritual- peaceful
-military captain- organisation
-go between- leader and negotiated well
-balanced commons’ and gentry’s demands

Question 24

what were Aske’s mistakes?

Answer 24

-too willing to accept concessions- loyalty to Henry
-trusted Norfolk to present grievances at court
-vulnerable to Henry’s desire for revenge

Question 25

what was Cromwell’s response to rebellions?

Answer 25

-monasteries linked with treason
-made him more careful but didn’t change overall policy.
-encouraged voluntary closures
-1539- act for suppression of religious houses
-used rebellion to remove remaining rival claimants (Lord Montague) and conservative faction (threat to him)

Question 26

what was Henry’s response to the PoG?

Answer 26

-determined to punish rebels
-no concession- thought it would deter them but actually encouraged them- more to gain
-then negotiated- no promises in writing.
-promised northern parliament- could delay discussions of grievances.

Question 27

what was the Duke of Norfolk’s role in 1536?

Answer 27

-advised Henry to negotiate
-go between- as conservative nobility, persuaded Aske he could be trusted
-negotiated on rebels concern about monasteries without permission.
-convinced rebels to accept pardon.
-defeated army 4x size with out violence.