3.4 Lincolnshire & PoG Flashcards
background
1533-37: changes to English church
1533-37: renounced authority of pope and created Church of England. Henry supreme head
what is royal supremacy?
-a way to get annulment
-reformist ideas took hold in London and south east.
what was Cromwell’s role?
Vicegerent in Spirituals
-henry’s deputy in all religious matters
-used power to alter doctrine (beliefs set out by church)
what were Cromwells changes?
- preaching controlled- clergy give sermons against pope
- April 1535- imprison clergymen preaching in support of pope.
- act of ten articles 1536- define doctrine. e.g. sacraments decreased from 7 to 3
- injunctions 1536- attacked traditional practices (pilgrimages, saint worship)
how did Henry respond to opposition to the break with Rome?
- act of supremacy (oath taken) and treason act 1534 (prosecute those who didn’t take oath)- influential opponents could be executed (John Fisher)
- princess Mary (seen by conservative faction as figurehead) made illegitimate in 1534.
dissolution of the monasteries
1535 valor Ecclesiasticus surveyed church wealth followed by visitations of the clergy. target to find evidence against them
1536 act of parliament- dissolution of monasteries worth less than £200 per year.
-dissolving them- income to Henry- feared foreign Catholic invasions
societal role of smaller monasteries
-prayed for souls of dead to shorten time in purgatory and supported sick and old.
-local employers and landlords- gave famers leased lands
-1530s- 900 religious houses and 12,000 in them
-after break with Rome, Henry couldn’t risk presence of wealthy institutions taking orders from hostile powers.
religious causes of 1536 rebellions
-dissolution of monasteries
-discontent about general direction of religious policies
-cromwell’s attacks on traditional practices- threatened centuries of belief
-threatened what happened to souls after death- fear
social and economic causes of the 1536 rebellions
-economic hardship in north- 1534 taxes
-commissioners inquired each person’s ability to pay- gov intrusion
-entry fines
-enclosure
-however, these didn’t affect higher social groups who joined rebellion
political causes of the 1536 rebellions
-nobility joined- suggests PoG was a result of court based plots
-act of uses 1535- prevent landowners avoiding financial demand by the king
-restricted enfeoffment to uses
-controlled by gentry as these weren’t significant to commons
what were aims and motives of the Lincolnshire Uprising?
-against Henry’s evil counsellors not him
-concerned about misgovernment
-“commonwealth”-not self interest
-petition reflected gentry and commons
-united by gov intervention and religious changes.
key events in Lincolnshire uprising
-3000 met at Louth
-marched to Lincoln with 10,000 men and nobility fled (Darcy and Hussey)
-kings army 40 miles away
-gentry asked Suffolk for pardon
-11 oct- commons went home
who were supporters of the Lincolnshire uprising?
-monks from close abbeys
-gentry also JPs- easy to build momentum
-gentry claimed only supporters to prevent it from becoming violent.
-however, some gentry organised military musters for the rebellion.
threats of Lincolnshire rising to government
-gentry and 10,000 men. nobility in Lincoln fled
-involvement of clergy and monks
-well organised- in touch with rebels in Yorkshire
-only dealt with easily as it was only Lincolnshire commons.
proof of lack of threat of Lincolnshire rising
-put down swiftly with Suffolks army
-half hearted gentry backed down
-reluctant to risk lives and property and lost rebel support who had more to gain
-rebels loyal to Henry’s rule
aims and motives of PoG
-feared impacts of dissolution
-pontefract articles complained about enclosure and rent rises
-gov attacks on benefit of clergy
-majority of complaints about religious changes
key events of PoG
-started 10 oct in Beverley
-by 16 oct- 10,000 followers took over city of York
-19 oct- captured pontefract castle
-North Yorkshire rose 11 oct and met Aske in York
-by late October, covered most of north and north east England.
what negotiations were made for the PoG?
-Henry’s forces were overstretched
-27 oct- negotiated with Norfolk
-list of 5 articles to king
-6th dec- 2nd meeting asked pardon
-promise of parliament in north and negotiations on fate of monasteries.
what was Bigod’s rising 1537?
-jan 1537- realised been tricked
-put down on 16 feb by Dacre
-excuse to punish rebels
-144 executions
-gentry turned against rebels to avoid punishments
who were supporters of the PoG?
-largest Tudor rebellion
-clergymen, monks, gentry(Darcy, Hussey)
-high church involvement (executions of 6 abbots, 38 monks, 16 priests)
threat of PoG to government
-number and speed
-Suffolk and army were diverted
-no way to delay- JPs involved
-well organised and coordinated
-peaceful rebellion attracted gentry
-Norfolk had to negotiate- outnumbered
proof of lack of threat of PoG
-eventually defeated- Aske believed promises
-1536- commons prepare to trust social superiors
-not interested in removing Henry
how was Aske’s leadership?
-associated protest with Catholic ritual- peaceful
-military captain- organisation
-go between- leader and negotiated well
-balanced commons’ and gentry’s demands
what were Aske’s mistakes?
-too willing to accept concessions- loyalty to Henry
-trusted Norfolk to present grievances at court
-vulnerable to Henry’s desire for revenge
what was Cromwell’s response to rebellions?
-monasteries linked with treason
-made him more careful but didn’t change overall policy.
-encouraged voluntary closures
-1539- act for suppression of religious houses
-used rebellion to remove remaining rival claimants (Lord Montague) and conservative faction (threat to him)
what was Henry’s response to the PoG?
-determined to punish rebels
-no concession- thought it would deter them but actually encouraged them- more to gain
-then negotiated- no promises in writing.
-promised northern parliament- could delay discussions of grievances.
what was the Duke of Norfolk’s role in 1536?
-advised Henry to negotiate
-go between- as conservative nobility, persuaded Aske he could be trusted
-negotiated on rebels concern about monasteries without permission.
-convinced rebels to accept pardon.
-defeated army 4x size with out violence.
