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Biology A2 > 3.5 - Population size > Flashcards

3.5 - Population size Flashcards

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1
Q

Birth rate?

A

the reproductive capacity of a population where the number of new individuals is given as reproduction per unit time

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2
Q

Population?

A

An interbreeding group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific habitat

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3
Q

Immigration?

A

the movement of individuals into a population of the same species

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4
Q

Fugitive species?

A

a species that’s poor at competition + reliant on a large capacity for reproduction and dispersal to increase their numbers

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5
Q

Equilibrium species

A

a species that controls their population by competition not reproduction or dispersal

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6
Q

Biotic?

A

a factor which makes up the living part of the environment of an organism such as a pathogen or predator

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7
Q

Abiotic?

A

a non living part of the environment of an organism such as temp or oxygen

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8
Q

Carrying capacity?

A

the maximum number around which a population fluctuates in a given environment

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9
Q

Environmental resistance?

A

environmental factors that slow down population growth

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10
Q

Population growth curve

A

x axis - time
( mins/hr/month/years)
y axis - number of organisms

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11
Q

places on growth curve

A

1) lag phase
exponential phase
stationary phase
death phase

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12
Q

lag phase?

A

a period of slow growth
period of adaptation + preparation
intense metabolic activity
enzyme synthesis
Organisms such as mammals - lag phase = time taken to reach sexual maturity

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13
Q

Exponential phase?
real steep

A

population doubles per unit time
no factor limiting the growth of the population
the rate of increase is not sustainable due to environmental resistance

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14
Q

things that could cause it to drop

A

predation
less food available
concentration of waste
nesting sites
competition
overcrowding
disease

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15
Q

difference between
abiotic and biotic ?

A

biotic = living
abiotic = dead

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16
Q

stationary phase?

A

birth rate is = to the death rate
population has reached its maximum size
(carrying capacity)
populations are not constant but fluctuate around the carrying capacity

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17
Q

death phase?

A

death rate is greater than the birth rate
the graph has a negative gradient

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18
Q

factors that regulate population increase?

A

density dependent factors
their effect increases as the density of the population decreases
e.g accumulation of waste
disease
paratisim
depletion of food

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19
Q

density independent factors?

A

e.g earthquakes
flooding
fire
bacteria
temp

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20
Q

abundance?

A

the number of individuals of a species in a given area or volume

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21
Q

measuring abundance?

A

lincoln index calculation

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22
Q

technique for land?

A

capture, mark, recapture
example
collect some snails, mark them with nail vanish or something and release them. then in 2 weeks or so collect them again . working out the ratio in an area

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23
Q

technique for aqautic?

A

kick sampling
used in a stream for aquatic vertebrates

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24
Q

measuring the abundance of plant species?

A

use a quadrat to calculate the mean number of individuals
can also estimate the percentage cover of a plant
can also estimate the percentage frequency

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25
Q

what is the distribution?

A

the area or volume in which organisms of a species are found - measured with a transect

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26
Q

transect?

(line)

A

a line from one habitat to another along which quadrats can be placed to work out the distribution of a species

e.g (forest coming out of a forest)

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27
Q

transect?

(belt)

A

shows the abundance through a given area at distances along a transect
possible to work out the density of the species or the percentage area of the species
presented as a kite diagram

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28
Q

when is a transect suitable?

A

if the plants and animals are sessile (dont move a lo)

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29
Q

Habitat?

A

place in which an organism lives

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30
Q

Ecosystem?

A

characteristic community of interpendent species interacting with the abiotic components of their habitat

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31
Q

community?

A

Interacting population of 2 or more species in the same habitat at the same time

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32
Q

Trophic level?

A

number of times that energy has been transferred between the sun and successive organisms along a chain

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33
Q

Biomass?

A

mass of biological material in living or recently living organisms

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33
Q

Saphrobiont?

A

microorgnaim that obtains its food from dead or decaying remains

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33
Q

Gross primary productivity?

A

rate of production of chemical energy in organic molecules by photosynthesis in a given area in a given time measured in kJ m-2 y-1

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34
Q

Net primary Productivity?

A

energy in the plants biomass which is available to primary consumers measured in kJm-2y-2

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35
Q

primary productivity?

A

Rate at which energy is converted into biomass

36
Q

Secondary Productivity?

A

rate at which consumers convert chemical energy of their food into biomass

37
Q

succession?

A

the change in structure and species composition of a community overtime

38
Q

climax community?

A

a stable self perpetuating that has reached equilibrium with its environment and no further change occurs

39
Q

Pioneer species?

A

the first species to colonise a new area in an ecological succession
(algae, lichen and mosses)

40
Q
A
41
Q

Secondary succession?

A

the changes in a community, following the disturbance or damage to a colonised habitat

42
Q

Niche?

A

the role and position a species has in its environment including all interactions with biotic and abiotic factors

43
Q

Mutualism?

A

an interaction between organisms of 2 species where both dervive benefit

44
Q

Commensalism?

A

interaction between organisms of 2 species where 1 both benefits and the other is not affected

45
Q

Global warming?

A

Increase of average Global temp in excess of the greenhouse effect caused by the atmosphere’s historical concentration of CO2

46
Q

Carbon footprint?

A

the equivalent volume of CO2 generated by an individual, a product or a service in 1 year

47
Q

Types of ecosystem?

A

can be small such as the human intestine or large such as the pacific ocean
they can be temporary such as a puddle or permanent such as the artic tundra

48
Q

Examples of Ecosystems?

A

Marine
e.g the pacific ocean
abiotic factors = aquatic with a high mineral concentration
Algae
Echinoderms (starfish)
Sardines
Herrings
Swordfish

49
Q

Example 2?

A

Artic tundra
Its in Canada and Siberia
Abiotic factors = the temp which are between - 50 and + 12
15 -25 cm of rainfall per year
windy
Organisms in the Artic Tundra
Artic Hare
Artic Fox
Reindeer
Plants in the Artic Tundra
Heather

50
Q

Eco System 3?

A

Temperate Deciduous forest
(leaves fall off)
Lady park wood in Monmouthshire
Conditions
moist and warm
Organisms
Beech and Oak tree
Woodpecker
Owl

51
Q

Eco system 4?

A

Desert
e.g Sahara which spans 11 countries in North and Central Africa
Abiotic features
Less than 25m rainfall a year
High temp - between 30 and 50 degrees
High light intensity
Animals
Lizards
Cacti
Camels

52
Q

Food chains?

Examples of producers

A

green plants
Cycano bacteria and Protoctista
because they turn the suns energy into carbohydrates

53
Q

Primary consumer?

A

herbivore and only feed on plants

54
Q

Secondary consumer?

A

Carnivores or omnivores

55
Q

Trophic level?

A

energy passes between feeding levels and is lost as heat or faeces

56
Q

Decomposition?

A

Detrivores
eats detritus which are the remains of dead organisms of fallen leaves
examples
earthworms, woodlice and millipedes

57
Q

Decomposers?

A

obtain nutrients from dead organisms and animal waste
examples - bacteria and fungi

58
Q

What is the equation for photosynthetic efficiency ?

A

the energy flowing from one organism to another originates as sunlight

59
Q

why is 60 % of light energy that falls on a plant is not absorbed by photosynthetic pigments ?

A

wrong wavelength
reflected
or transmitted straight through the leaf

60
Q

Equation

A

PE = quantity of light energy in the products / the quantity of energy falling on the plant x 100

61
Q

Efficiency

A

why old plants have a PE of 1 %
cropped plants have a PE of 8 %

62
Q

What is efficiency dependent on?

A

the plant genotype and environmental factors
(light intensity + temp)

63
Q

What is gross Primary productivity?

A

the rate of production of chemical energy in organic molecules by photosynthesis

64
Q

Net primary productivity?

A

the energy in a plant’s biomass

65
Q

What is the equation for it?

A

NPP =
GPP - Respiration

66
Q

What does Ecological pyrimads do?

A

shows each trophic level in an ecosystem
pyrimads of number can be inverted but biomass and energy cannot

67
Q

Succession def?

A

change in the community structure and species over time
can take decades for succession

68
Q

Example of a climax community has reached equilibria

A

mature woodland

69
Q

Where does primary succession occurs?

A

on bare rock or at the site of volcanic eruption

soil is fertile

70
Q

Sere?

A

a sequence of communities

71
Q

What is XeroSere?

A

a community in a dry environment

72
Q

Seral stages?

A

changes in the environment that make it suitable for specific species

73
Q

What are Pioneer species?

A

the first organisms to colonise bare rock
e.g
algae
lichen
moss

74
Q

Weathering of rock by lichen and accumulation of dead decaying matter forms what?

A

primitive soil

75
Q

As the soil develops in nutrients what grows?

A

grass + small plants compete with moss

76
Q

Animals such as ants, spiders and mites ?

A

can survive

77
Q

What does tall grass provide?

A

shade and the community becomes more complex

78
Q

What happens when plants die + decay

A

soil becomes thicker and is able to hold water for trees to decay

79
Q

Habitat?

A

place in which an organism lives

79
Q

Biomass?

A

mass of biological material in living or recently living organisms

79
Q

Ecosystem?

A

characteristic communtiy of interdependent species interacting with the abiotic components of their habitats

79
Q

Community?

A

Interacting population of 2 or more species in the same habitat at the same time

79
Q

Trophic level?

A

number of times that energy has been transferred between the sun and successive organisms along a chain

79
Q

Net primary productivity?

A

energy in plants biomass which is available to primary consumers
measured in KJm-2y-1
years

79
Q

Saphrobiont?

A

microorganism that obtains its food from dead or decaying remains

79
Q

Gas primary productivity?

A

rate of production of chemical energy in organic molecules by photosynthesis in a given area in a given time measured in KJ m-2 y-2

79
Q

Secondary productivity?

A

rate at which consumers convert their chemical energy of their food into biomass

79
Q

Primary productvity?

A

rate at which energy is converted by producers into biomass

80
Q
A

Biology A2 (9 decks)

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