3.1 - importance of ATP + Respiration Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

Answer 2

Oxidative Substrate level photophosphorylation?

Answer 3

takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria during aerobic respiration energy for making ATP comes from oxidation + reduction (gaining + losing electrons ) along the electron transport chain

Answer 4

when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules such as glycerate - 3 phosphate to ADP tomake ATP in glycolysis

Answer 5

occurs on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis energy for making ATP comes from light + is released in the transfer of electrons along a chain of electron carriers Photophosphorlyation does not occur in respiration

Answer 6

the release if large quantities of energy which can be amde available as ATP from the breakdown of molecules with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptot

Answer 7

the breakdown of molecules in the absence of oxygen releasing less energies so a smaller quantities of ATP is synthesised by SLP

Answer 8

most living organisms use aerobic respiration + break down substrates using Oxygen release large quantities of Oxygen

Answer 9

microorganisms using yeast + bacteria respire aerobically but can respire without Oxygen

Answer 10

species of bacteria + archea use aerobic respiration + cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

Answer 11

Glycolysis link krebs

Answer 12

occurs in solution in the cytoplasm to generate Pyruvate, ATP + NADH2 reaction occurs in the cytoplasm because glucose cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane + the enzymes are not present in the mitochondria a glucose molecule = phosphorylated by adding 2 phopshate groups using up 2 ATP making hexose diphosphate Phosphorylated glucose is more reaction so less activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions Phosphorylated glucose is more polar than glucose so less likely to diffuse out of cell Hexosediphosphate is converted to 2 molecules of triose phosphate ( glyceraldelhyde - 3 - phosphate) the 2 triose phosphates are dehydrogenated oxidising them to pyruvate (3c) the hydrogen atoms = transferred to NAD which is a hydrogen carrier each NAD can produce 3 ATP as the hydrogen ions pass through 3 proton pumps the 2 triphosphate molecules = dehydrogenated and oxidised to pyruvate

Answer 13

hydrogen atoms = transferred to NAD forming reduced (NADH2) these steps release 4 ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation 4 ATP = synthesised but 2 were phosphorylated from glucose so there = only a net gain of 2 ATP by SLP 2 molecules of NADH2 = produced only if oxygen is available each molecule of NAD produces 3 ATP same energy is lost as heat Substrate level phosphorylation C6H1206 + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2Pi ------ 2 pyruvate + 2NADH NADH2 -------- NAD + H2 H2(g) ---- 2H+2e- Hydrogen ions pass through proton pumps by Active transport into the intermembrane space H+ ions diffuse through the stalked particle producing 30.6 KJ mol-1 of energy which allows ADP and phosphate to form ATP reaction is catalysed by ATP synthetase

Answer 14

pyruvate diffuses from the cytoplasm Pyruvate (3c) NADH2 CO2 Acetate (2c) Pyruvate is dehyrogenated + decarboxylatd to form acetate 2c Acetate combines with co enzyme A to firm acetyl CO -A ATP = phosphORylated by oxidative phosphorylaton using NADH2

Answer 15

oxaloacetate (2c) combines with Acetyl CO - A to form citrate citrate is dehydrogenated * NADH2 ----- NADH + H2) ATP synthesised as there are 2 pyruvate molecules citrate is decarboxylated to a 5 carbon compound 5 carbon compound is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated and only 1 ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation 4 carbon compound is dehydrogenated using FAD as hydrogen acceptor + generating 2x2 = 4 4 carbon compound is regenerated to reduce Oxygen and undergoes dehydration 2 enzymes involved in decarboxylation are decarboxylase + dehydrogensae 12 ATP = produced per cycle but there are 2 cycles

Answer 16

ETC is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane it is a series of protein molecules which are either carriers or pumps in intirinsic proteins ; they are sometimes known as respiratory enzymes the carrier molecules include cytochrome, so the ETC can be called the cytochrome chain these reactions release energy which is carried in the form of ATP Hydrogen atoms are carried to the ETC by hydrogen carriers ( co-enzymes) NAD and FAD NAD feeds electrons and protons into the ETC at an earlier stage than FAD NAD has enough energy to synthesise 3 ATP whereas FAD passes H2 directly into the 2nd proton pump Electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 are passed through electron carriers to produce water protons from NAD + FAD are pumped into the inter - membrane space by active transport and flow through the stalked particle which contains ATP synthetase which allows the synthesis of ATP

Answer 17

proteins containing iron or copper

Answer 18

NADH2 donates the electrons from the H2 atoms to the first electron carrier Electrons provide the pumps with energy at the end of the chain, electrons combine with peoton and oxygen to form water 2H+ + e- + 1/2 O2 --- H20

Answer 19

if there is no O2 to remove H2 from NAD, electron transport chain cannot function there is no oxidative phosphorylation NADH2 cannot be reoxidised so no NAD is regenrated so no more Hydrogen can be picked up Link + Krebs cannot take place the only stage possible is glycolysis but for this to happen pyruvate and hydrogen must be constantly removed + NAD mut be regenerated Pyruvate accepts Hydrogen from NADH2 only SLP can take place

Answer 20

muscle cells may not get sufficient oxygen during vigorous exercise when deprived of Oxygen, pyruvate becomes a hydrogen acceptor and is converted to lactate lactic acid regenerating NAD if O2 becomes available, the lactate can be respired into CO2 + H2O+ release energy

Answer 21

under certain conditions, such as water logged soil, pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanal which is a hydrogen acceptor Ethanal is reduced to ethanol. NAD is regenerated This process is not reversible. So even if oxygen is available, ethanol cannot be broken down and accumulated becoming toxic.

Answer 22

SLP? 4-2 = 2 ATP OP = 3 x 2 = 6 ATP 8 ATP altogether

Answer 23

SLP = 0 OLP = 6 = 3x2

Answer 24

SLP = 2 OLP = 22 NAD = 18 FAD = 4

Answer 25

used to move pyruvate or reduce NAD + FAD or molecules may leak through the membrane, so on average only 30 - 32 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule

Answer 26

30.6 x 38 = 1162.8

Answer 27

1162.8/2880 x 100 40.4%