Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology A2 > 3.1 - importance of ATP + Respiration > Flashcards

3.1 - importance of ATP + Respiration Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does ATP consist of?

A

3 inorganic phopshates
pentose sugar (ribose) C5H10O5
nitrogenous base ( adenine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

exergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is condensation?

A

endergonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the synthesis of ATP?

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does ADP stand for ?

A

Adenosine di phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does AMP stand for?

A

adenosine mono phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the equation for ATP?

A

ADP + PI —– ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is ATP synthetase?

A

it is an enzyme that is inside the stalked particle of mitochondrion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the equation for respiration?

A

6O2 + C6H1206 —- 6 CO2 + 6H20 + 38 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the stages of respiration?

A

Glycosis ( anaerobic)
Link ( aerobic)
Krebs ( aerobic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + H20 —– H1206+ 602

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stages of photosnythesis?

A

light harvesting
light dependent stage
light independent stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

movement of hydrogen from high to low. It is different concentration in different places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is he equation?

A

H —- 2H+ + 2e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phosphorylation?

A

synthesise ATP
ADP + Pi
reversible reaction
condensation reaction
( reaction when joining)
endergonic ( taking in energy) (30.6KJ mol-1)
movement of H+ (diffusion)
need ATP synthetase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are glucose + fructose?

A

isomers - same molecular formula but different structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stages of glycosis?

A

Glucose (6c)
ATP - ADP +Pi
Glucose Phosphate(6c)
ATP - ADP + PI
Fructose biphosphate (6c)

Glycerate - Glycerate -3 - Phosphate
(3c) 3 - Phosphate(3c)
NADH + H2 – NADH2
Pyruvate (3c) Pyruvate (3c)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is gained and lost ?

A

SLP : 4 ATP
Hydrolysis : -2 ATP
net gain : 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Overall from glycolysis?

A

SLP = 2 ATP
OP = 6 ATP
8 FROM GLYCOLYSIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is NAD?

A

nicotinoamide
adenine
dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oxidative phosphorlyation?

A

Hydrogen acceptors accepts hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is that formula?

A

NAD + H2 — NADH2
NADH2 —– NADH2
H2 —— 2H+ + 2E-
takes place in the matrix into the intermembrane space went through the stalked particle
Phosphorlyated ATP
3 ATP FOR 1 NAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A
24
Q
A
25
Q
A
26
Q
A
27
Q

what is FAD?

A

Flavine
Adenine
Dinucleotide

28
Q

3 types of phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative
Substrate level
photophosphorylation?

29
Q

Oxidative?

A

takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria during aerobic respiration
energy for making ATP comes from oxidation + reduction (gaining + losing electrons ) along the electron transport chain

30
Q

substrate level?

A

when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules such as glycerate - 3 phosphate to ADP tomake ATP in glycolysis

31
Q

Photophosphorlyation?

A

occurs on the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis
energy for making ATP comes from light + is released in the transfer of electrons along a chain of electron carriers
Photophosphorlyation does not occur in respiration

32
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

the release if large quantities of energy which can be amde available as ATP from the breakdown of molecules with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptot

33
Q

anaerobic respiration?

A

the breakdown of molecules in the absence of oxygen releasing less energies so a smaller quantities of ATP is synthesised by SLP

34
Q

obligate aerobe?

A

most living organisms use aerobic respiration + break down substrates using Oxygen
release large quantities of Oxygen

35
Q

Facilitative aerobes?

A

microorganisms using yeast + bacteria respire aerobically but can respire without Oxygen

36
Q

Obligate aerobes?

A

species of bacteria + archea use aerobic respiration + cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

37
Q

3 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
link
krebs

38
Q

Glycolysis?

A

occurs in solution in the cytoplasm to generate Pyruvate, ATP + NADH2
reaction occurs in the cytoplasm because glucose cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane + the enzymes are not present in the mitochondria
a glucose molecule = phosphorylated by adding 2 phopshate groups using up 2 ATP making hexose diphosphate
Phosphorylated glucose is more reaction so less activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions
Phosphorylated glucose is more polar than glucose so less likely to diffuse out of cell
Hexosediphosphate is converted to 2 molecules of triose phosphate ( glyceraldelhyde - 3 - phosphate)
the 2 triose phosphates are dehydrogenated oxidising them to pyruvate (3c)
the hydrogen atoms = transferred to NAD which is a hydrogen carrier
each NAD can produce 3 ATP as the hydrogen ions pass through 3 proton pumps
the 2 triphosphate molecules = dehydrogenated and oxidised to pyruvate

39
Q

part 2?

A

hydrogen atoms = transferred to NAD forming reduced (NADH2)
these steps release 4 ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation
4 ATP = synthesised but 2 were phosphorylated from glucose so there = only a net gain of 2 ATP by SLP
2 molecules of NADH2 = produced only if oxygen is available
each molecule of NAD produces 3 ATP
same energy is lost as heat

Substrate level phosphorylation
C6H1206 + 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2Pi —— 2 pyruvate + 2NADH
NADH2 ——– NAD + H2
H2(g) —- 2H+2e-

Hydrogen ions pass through proton pumps by Active transport into the intermembrane space

H+ ions diffuse through the stalked particle producing 30.6 KJ mol-1 of energy which allows ADP and phosphate to form ATP

reaction is catalysed by ATP synthetase

40
Q

Link reaction?

A

pyruvate diffuses from the cytoplasm

Pyruvate (3c)
NADH2 CO2
Acetate (2c)
Pyruvate is dehyrogenated + decarboxylatd to form acetate 2c
Acetate combines with co enzyme A to firm acetyl CO -A
ATP = phosphORylated by oxidative phosphorylaton using NADH2

41
Q

Krebs?

A

oxaloacetate (2c) combines with Acetyl CO - A to form citrate
citrate is dehydrogenated * NADH2 —– NADH + H2)
ATP synthesised as there are 2 pyruvate molecules
citrate is decarboxylated to a 5 carbon compound
5 carbon compound is decarboxylated + dehydrogenated and only 1 ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation
4 carbon compound is dehydrogenated using FAD as hydrogen acceptor + generating 2x2 = 4
4 carbon compound is regenerated to reduce Oxygen and undergoes dehydration
2 enzymes involved in decarboxylation are decarboxylase + dehydrogensae
12 ATP = produced per cycle but there are 2 cycles

42
Q

Electron transport chain?

A

ETC is located in the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane
it is a series of protein molecules which are either carriers or pumps in intirinsic proteins ; they are sometimes known as respiratory enzymes
the carrier molecules include cytochrome, so the ETC can be called the cytochrome chain
these reactions release energy which is carried in the form of ATP
Hydrogen atoms are carried to the ETC by hydrogen carriers ( co-enzymes) NAD and FAD
NAD feeds electrons and protons into the ETC at an earlier stage than FAD
NAD has enough energy to synthesise 3 ATP whereas FAD passes H2 directly into the 2nd proton pump
Electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 are passed through electron carriers to produce water
protons from NAD + FAD are pumped into the inter - membrane space by active transport and flow through the stalked particle which contains ATP synthetase which allows the synthesis of ATP

43
Q

Cytochromes?

A

proteins containing iron or copper

43
Q

Electrons?

A

NADH2 donates the electrons from the H2 atoms to the first electron carrier
Electrons provide the pumps with energy
at the end of the chain, electrons combine with peoton and oxygen to form water
2H+ + e- + 1/2 O2 — H20

43
Q

Anaerobic respiration - without Oxygen

A

if there is no O2 to remove H2 from NAD, electron transport chain cannot function
there is no oxidative phosphorylation
NADH2 cannot be reoxidised so no NAD is regenrated so no more Hydrogen can be picked up
Link + Krebs cannot take place
the only stage possible is glycolysis but for this to happen pyruvate and hydrogen must be constantly removed + NAD mut be regenerated
Pyruvate accepts Hydrogen from NADH2
only SLP can take place

44
Q

Animals?

A

muscle cells may not get sufficient oxygen during vigorous exercise
when deprived of Oxygen, pyruvate becomes a hydrogen acceptor and is converted to lactate
lactic acid regenerating NAD
if O2 becomes available, the lactate can be respired into CO2 + H2O+ release energy

45
Q

Plant cells + fungi?

A

under certain conditions, such as water logged soil, pyruvate is converted to CO2 and ethanal which is a hydrogen acceptor
Ethanal is reduced to ethanol. NAD is regenerated
This process is not reversible. So even if oxygen is available, ethanol cannot be broken down and accumulated becoming toxic.

46
Q

Energy budget?
Glycolysis?

A

SLP?
4-2 = 2 ATP
OP = 3 x 2 = 6 ATP
8 ATP altogether

47
Q

Link?

A

SLP = 0
OLP = 6 = 3x2

48
Q

Krebs?

A

SLP = 2
OLP = 22
NAD = 18
FAD = 4

49
Q

How many ATP per glucose?

A

38

50
Q

What is some ATP used for?

A

used to move pyruvate or reduce NAD + FAD or molecules may leak through the membrane, so on average only 30 - 32 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule

51
Q

How many joules does 1 mole of glucose produce if completely combusted in oxygen?

A

2880 KJ

52
Q

for energy to make ATP ?

A

30.6 x 38 = 1162.8

53
Q

Energy efficiency?

A

1162.8/2880 x 100
40.4%

Biology A2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions