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B3- CELL STRUCTURE > 3.5- CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISATION > Flashcards

3.5- CELL SPECIALISATION AND ORGANISATION Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells specialised to do in multicellular organisms?

A

to perform specific functions

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2
Q

What are similar cells grouped into?

A

tissues

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3
Q

What are tissues grouped into?

A

organs

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4
Q

What are organs grouped into?

A

organ systems

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5
Q

Why is the grouping of cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems done for?

A

increased efficiency

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6
Q

Can any one cell provide the best conditions for all functions?

A

no

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7
Q

As cells cannot provide the best conditions for all functions, what do the cells do in multicellular organisms?

A

cells specialised in different ways to form particular role

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8
Q

What has specialised cells evolved?

A

more or fewer of certain organelles + structures to suit role it carries out

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9
Q

What is the first group of cells in an embryo initially?

A

initially identical

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10
Q

What happens to the cell as the embryo matures?

A

each cell takes on its own individual characteristics that suit it to the function it will perform when it’s mature

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11
Q

How are all cells in an organism, such as a human produced?

A

by mitotic divisions from fertilised egg

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12
Q

As all the cells in an organism are produced by mitotic divisions from a fertilised egg, what follows?

A

they all contain exactly the same genes

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13
Q

What do cells have for them to develop into any one of the many different cells in an organism?

A

every cell contains genes

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14
Q

How are the genes used in a cell for them to be specialised?

A

only some of the genes switched on (expressed) in a cell, at any one time. rest of the genes switched off

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15
Q

What will muscle/sperm cell have a lot of?

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

What do white blood cells have many of?

A

lysosomes

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17
Q

What is done to cells for working efficiency?

A

cells are normally aggregated together

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18
Q

What is a tissue?

A

collection of similar cells that perform a specific function

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19
Q

Examples of tissues? (2)

A

epithelial tissues

xylem

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20
Q

Where are epithelial tissues found?

A

in animals

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21
Q

What do epithelial tissues consist of?

A

sheets of cells

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22
Q

What do epithelial tissues line?

A

line surfaces of organs

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23
Q

What function do epithelial tissues often have?

A

protective or secretory function

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24
Q

Types of epithelial tissues? (2)

A

thin, flat cells

ciliated epithelium

25
Q

What do thin, flat cells of epithelial tissues line and what happens here?

A

line organs where diffusion takes place

26
Q

Example of where thin, flat cells of epithelial tissue line?

A

alveoli of lungs

27
Q

Example of where ciliated epithelium of epithelial tissue line?

A

a duct i.e. trachea

28
Q

What is the cilia of the ciliated epithelium of epithelial tissue used to do?

A

move mucus over epithelial surface

29
Q

Where does the xylem occur?

A

in plants

30
Q

What is the xylem used for? (2)

A

to transport water + mineral ions throughout plant

give mechanical support

31
Q

What are tissues aggregated into?

A

organs

32
Q

What is an organ?

A

combination of tissues coordinated to perform variety of functions although they have one predominant major function

33
Q

In animals, what is the stomach organ involved in?

A

digestion of certain types of food

34
Q

What tissues is the stomach made up of? (3)

A

muscle
epithelium
connective tissue

35
Q

What do the muscle tissues do in the stomach?

A

churn + mix stomach contents

36
Q

What do the epithelium tissue do in the stomach?

A

protect stomach wall + produce secretions

37
Q

What do the connective tissue do in the stomach?

A

hold together the other tissues

38
Q

What tissues is the leaf made up of? (5)

A 
palisade mesophyll
spongy mesophyll
epidermis
phloem 
xylem
39
Q

What is the palisade mesophyll of the leaf made up of?

A

leaf palisade cells

40
Q

What do the palisade mesophyll do in the leaf?

A

carry out photosynthesis

41
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll in the leaf adapted for?

A

gaseous diffusion

42
Q

What do the epidermis do in the leaf?

A

protect leaf + allow gaseous diffusion

43
Q

What do the phloem do in the leaf?

A

transport organic materials away from leaf

44
Q

What do the xylem do in the leaf?

A

transport water + ions into leaf

45
Q

Are capillaries organs?

A

no

46
Q

Are veins and arteries organs?

A

yes

47
Q

What is the function of arteries, veins and capillaries?

A

transport of blood

48
Q

What tissue is the capillary made up of?

A

epithelium

49
Q

What tissues are the veins and arteries made up of?

A

epithelial, muscle + other tissues

50
Q

What is the single unit that organs work together in called?

A

organ system

51
Q

Why are organs grouped together?

A

to perform particular functions more efficiently

52
Q

Examples of organ systems in humans? (3)

A

digestive system
respiratory system
circulatory system

53
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

digest + process food

54
Q

What organs are in the digestive system? (7)

A 
salivary glands
oesophagus
stomach
duodenum
ileum
pancreas
liver
55
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

used for breathing + gas exchange

56
Q

What organs are in the respiratory system? (3)

A

trachea
bronchi
lumps

57
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

pumps + circulates blood

58
Q

What organs are in the circulatory system? (3)

A

heart
arteries
veins

B3- CELL STRUCTURE (8 decks)

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