343 not meds but other exam stuff

Question 1

what is hemostasis?

Answer 1

the slowing or stopping of blood flow

Question 2

what does coagulation mean?

Answer 2

the formation of a clot

Question 3

what does fibrinolysis mean?

Answer 3

the breakdown of a blood clot

Question 4

what does thrombus mean?

Answer 4

a blood clot obstructing flow in a vessel

Question 5

what is a thromboembolic disorder?

Answer 5

a disorder in which the body forms unnecessary clots

Question 6

what is an embolus?

Answer 6

a clot traveling through a vessel

Question 7

what does thrombocytopenia mean?

Answer 7

low platelet count

Question 8

what is hemophilia?

Answer 8

a genetic bleeding disorder

Question 9

what is the difference between anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics?

Answer 9

anticoagulants: prevent formation of clots, no labs neded
antiplatelets: prevent platelet aggregation
thrombolytics: dissolve existing blood clots

Question 10

what is prothrombin time (protime)?

Answer 10

• lab for anticoagulant therapy (warfarin)
• measures the time it takes the plasma to clot

Question 11

what is the international normalized ratio (INR)?

Answer 11

test used to standardize the PT test, making up for any differences in labs

Question 12

what is aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)?

Answer 12

lab used to monitor clotting times when on heparin

Question 13

what is the normal range for HDL?

Answer 13

60 mg/dL or above

Question 14

what is the normal range for total cholesterol?

Answer 14

under 200 mg/dL

Question 15

what is the normal range for LDL?

Answer 15

less than 100 mg/dL

Question 16

what are non-pharmacologic methods for cholesterol reduction?

Answer 16

• reduce saturated fats and cholesterol in diet
• reduce total fat intake to 30% or less of caloric intake
• reduce cholesterol intake to 300 mg/day or less
• exercise***
• stop smoking

Question 17

what is the normal range for homocysteine?

Answer 17

4 to 17 mmol/L (fasting)

Question 18

what does an elevated homocysteine level mean?

Answer 18

• linked to CV disease, stroke, alzheimer’s
• may promote blood clotting
• can damage inner lining of blood vessels
• promotes thickening and loss of vessel flexibility

Question 19

what are three vitamins that lower serum homocysteine levels?

Answer 19

• vitamin B6
• vitamin B12
• folic acid

Question 20

what does high sensitivity c-reactive protein test for?

Answer 20

detects inflammatory process due to atherosclerotic plaque buildup especially coronary arteries

Question 21

what is the difference between (adrenergic) alpha1 and alpha2 receptors?

Answer 21

alpha1: vasoconstricts, increase cardiac contractility
alpha2: vasodilates

Question 22

what is the difference between (adrenergic) beta1 and beta2 receptors?

Answer 22

beta1: increases cardiac contractility, BP, and HR
beta2: lowers BP, GI tone and motility

Question 23

what are the three types of adrenergic agonists?

Answer 23

• direct acting
• indirect acting
• mixed acting

Question 24

what is the difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting adrenergic agonists?

Answer 24

direct acting: directly stimulates adrenergic receptor
indirect acting: stimulates release of norepinephrine from terminal nerve endings

Question 25

why are ISA (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity) beta-adrenergic blockers used for patients with HTN and significant bradycardia?

Answer 25

because regular beta blockers will lower HR, making their bradycardia worse

Question 26

which beta receptors do selective beta blockers block?

Answer 26

beta1

Question 27

what should nurses monitor for in patients who take adrenergic neuron antagonists?

Answer 27

mental depression (because these will reduce serotonin and catecholamine transmitters)

Question 28

what is the difference between reversible and irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 28

reversible: short-acting
irreversible: long-lasting effects